Table 1.
Characteristics of Participants with Spinal Cord Injury
| Variables | Total (N=225) | CES-D Score <16(N=174) | CES-D Score≥ 16 (N=51) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (Y) | 52.4 (43.7–60.4) | 50.5 (41.4–57.9) | 57.4 (45.6–62.5) | <0.001 |
| Gender (male/female) | 101 (44.9) | 79 (45.4) | 22 (43.1) | 0.438 |
| BMI | 27.4±6.6 | 26.1±6.2 | 28.3±7.2 | 0.006 |
| Race (white), n (%) | 212 (94.2) | 165 (94.8) | 47 (92.2) | 0.106 |
| Education (with bachelor’s degree or higher), n (%) | 129 (57.3) | 88 (50.6) | 41 (80.4) | <0.001 |
| Currently married, n (%) | 45 (20.8) | 27 (15.5) | 18 (35.3) | <0.001 |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 32 (14.2) | 24 (13.8) | 8 (15.7) | 0.096 |
| Current drinker, n (%) | 46 (20.4) | 26 (14.9) | 20 (39.2) | 0.002 |
| Frequency of exercises ≥3/ week, n (%) | 149 (66.2) | 127 (73.0) | 22 (43.1) | <0.001 |
| Depression score | 13 (8–19) | 8 (2–14) | 26 (16–35) | <0.001 |
| Perceived stress score | 20 (16–24) | 13 (6–17) | 23 (18–29) | <0.001 |
| Ever diagnosed depression | 22 (9.8) | 14 (8.0) | 8 (15.7) | 0.012 |
| Antidepressants, n (%) | 26 (11.5) | 5 (2.9) | 21 (41.2) | <0.001 |
| Currently diagnosed CVDs | ||||
| Heart disease, n (%) | 30 (13.3) | 23 (13.2) | 7 (13.7) | 0.302 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 81 (36.0) | 55 (31.6) | 26 (51.0) | 0.007 |
| TIA or stroke, n (%) | 14 (6.2) | 9 (5.2) | 5 (9.8) | 0.028 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 23 (10.2) | 16 (9.1) | 7 (13.7) | 0.049 |
| Serum inflammatory markers | ||||
| Serum fibrinogen (mg/dL) | 359.28±79.33 | 304.21±75.81 | 425.26±83.47 | <0.001 |
| Serum IL-6 (pg/mL) | 2.18 (1.46–3.49) | 2.01 (1.29–3.15) | 2.67 (1.48–3.72) | <0.001 |
| Serum TNF-ɑ (pg/mL) | 2.26 (1.76–2.52) | 2.09 (1.47–2.33) | 2.50 (1.91–2.84) | <0.001 |
| Serum C-reactive protein (ug/mL) | 1.63 (0.75–3.89) | 1.34 (0.59–3.62) | 1.90 (0.84–4.56) | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CVDs, cardiovascular diseases; TIA, transient ischemic attack; IL-6, interleukin-6; TNF-ɑ, tumor necrosis factor-ɑ; CES-D, epidemiological studies-depression.