Table 3.

Permeation Parameters Calculated Following Permeability Studies of HIP-Nanocomplexes (C1 and C2) Across TR146 Cell Layers

Formulation	Js (ng·cm−2·h−1)	Kp [(cm/h) × 10−5]	ER
Insulin solution	7.19 ± 0.77	28.75 ± 3.36	1.00
C1	21.53 ± 0.81**, ##	86.12 ± 3.24**, ##	3.00
C2	9.89 ± 0.56	39.56 ± 10.21	1.38

Notes: Data are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 3). **p < 0.01 vs insulin and ^##p < 0.01 vs C2.

Abbreviations: ER, enhancement ratio; HIP, hydrophobic ion-pairing; Js, steady state flux; Kp, permeability coefficient.