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International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease logoLink to International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
. 2021 Jul 8;16:2039–2047. doi: 10.2147/COPD.S312190

Validity of the Handheld Expiratory Flowmeter for COPD Screening in the Primary Care Setting of China

Shuyun Chen 1,2,*, Xiaochen Li 1,3,*, Zihui Wang 1,*, Yumin Zhou 1, Dongxing Zhao 1, Zhuxiang Zhao 1,4, Sha Liu 1, Pixin Ran 1,✉
PMCID: PMC8275149  PMID: 34267511

Abstract

Purpose

The use of simple and affordable screening tools for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is limited. We aimed to assess the validity of a handheld expiratory flowmeter (Vitalograph Ltd., COPD-6®, Ireland) for COPD screening in Chinese primary care settings.

Methods

In our cross-sectional study, subjects were randomly selected in eight primary care settings. Tests with the handheld expiratory flowmeter and the conventional spirometry were sequentially performed on all participants. The correlation between the handheld expiratory flowmeter and the conventional spirometry was determined. Validity was determined by the area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC) of the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1)/forced expiratory volume in six seconds (FEV6) that used to detect airway obstruction. The sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and likelihood ratio were calculated according to different FEV1/FEV6 cut-off points.

Results

A total of 229 subjects (15.4%) were diagnosed with airflow limitation by conventional spirometry. FEV1, FEV6, and FEV1/FEV6 measured by the handheld expiratory flowmeter were correlated with FEV1, FVC, and FEV1/FVC measured by the conventional spirometry (r=0.889, 0.835 and 0.647, p<0.001), respectively. AUC of the FEV1/FEV6 to determine airflow obstruction was 0.857 (95% CI: 0.826 to 0.888). No significant difference of AUC was observed between the symptomatic group and the asymptomatic group (AUC=0.869 vs 0.843, P=0.425). A similar phenomenon was found in the AUC of smokers and never-smokers (AUC=0.862 vs 0.840; P=0.515). The cut-off point for FEV1/FEV6 was 0.77 and the corresponding sensitivity and specificity were 71.2% and 89.8%, respectively.

Conclusion

The handheld expiratory flowmeter might be used as a screening device for COPD in Chinese primary care settings.

Keywords: COPD screening, airflow limitation, FEV1, FEV6, lung function

Introduction

Characterized by persistent airflow limitation, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) was a high-prevalence disease with heavy mortality and morbidity burden.1,2 It is reported that COPD caused 2.6% of global disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and 3.2 million death worldwide in 2015.3 Airflow limitation is defined as a post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)/forced vital capacity (FVC) <0.7 and regarded as the essential test for the diagnosis of COPD.4 In COPD patients, persistent airflow limitation might lead to the substantially impaired quality of life and higher risk of premature death.5

For the long-term asymptomatic phase, countless COPD patients remained undiagnosed until the onset of severe symptom.6,7 Early symptoms of COPD are subtle and unrecognized for numbers of patients. The reduction of lung function is often substantial and irreversible when the patient is diagnosed for the first time.8 What is more, the reduction of lung function might lead to poor health-related quality of life.7–9 Although undiagnosed COPD patients usually have fewer exacerbations than severe COPD patients, they also require amount of medical care services for exacerbation events that should have been avoided.10 Therefore, misdiagnosis of COPD could also bring considerable health burden. In this context, early screening for COPD is regarded as a potential method to reduce the burden of morbidity and mortality of patients.7 However, the problem of underdiagnosis on COPD is obvious (ranging from 72% to 93%).7 There were increasing interests in improving the early detection of COPD in the primary care setting during the last decade. Spirometry is a well-established tool for quantifying airflow limitation and the diagnosis of patients with COPD.5 However, there are several seasons for conventional spirometry in primary care practice. First, the expensive cost of the machine has limited technology extension. Second, shortness of professional training led to the unreliable quality of test and interpretation in primary care settings.11–14 The US Preventive Services Task Force and the American College of Physicians recommend that spirometry should not be used to screen for airflow limitation in individuals without respiratory symptoms. The use of conventional spirometry in primary care setting may result in a waste of medical resources and an overestimation of COPD burden.15,16

The use of simple and affordable screening tools is limited. Forced expiratory volume in 6 seconds (FEV6), a easily achieved and reproducible measurement for portable spirometers, has been regarded as an alternative to FVC.17 Primary studies had found that FEV1/FEV6 could be used as a substitute for the FEV1/FVC in the diagnostic screening for COPD.18 There is a strong correlation between FEV1/FVC and FEV1/FEV6.19–22 Consequently, inexpensive, user-friendly, and hand-held devices for measuring FEV1 and FEV6 have been produced to detect COPD in primary care.23–29

Vitalograph COPD-6® (model number 4000, Vitalograph Ltd., Ireland) is one kind of emerging devices. Primary care physicians can obtain FEV1, FEV1% predicted, FEV6, FEV6%predicted, FEV1/FEV6, and lung age by the handheld expiratory flowmeter. It can also provide the diagnosis of airflow limitation and severity classification according to the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guideline.5 However, no study has examined the validity of the handheld expiratory flowmeter in low- or middle-income countries, including China. Furthermore, the best cut-off value used to define airflow limitation remains uncertain in China. Therefore, we designed this study to assess the validity of the handheld expiratory flowmeter for COPD screening in primary care settings in China.

Methods

Setting

With the socioeconomic differences between rural and urban regions, two urban streets and two rural communities were randomly selected from an urban region (Guangzhou, Guangdong Province) and a rural region (Lianping, Guangdong Province), respectively. Two primary care settings were selected from each of the street/community mentioned above. Finally, eight primary care settings were involved in our study.

Study Population

The sample size of each age group was calculated according to the percentage of the population aged ≥40 years reported in the latest census. In selected primary care settings, 200 residents from four different age groups (40–49, 50–59, 60–69, and ≥70) was required. Prior to enrollment, all participants signed informed consent documents for all the procedures.

There were several exclusion criteria for spirometry and the handheld expiratory flowmeter testing to avoid: 1) medical history of thoracic, abdominal or eye surgery in previous 3 months; 2) medical history of acute heart events (eg, angina, acute myocardial infarction, and malignant arrhythmia) in previous 3 months; 3) hospitalizations for heart diseases in the previous 1 month; 4) patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis disease or taking anti-tuberculosis drugs; 5) patients with a history of retinal detachment; 6) patients with new tumor diagnosed or undergoing a tumor treatment; 7) patients with cognitive impairment or mental disorder; 8) high paraplegia or thoracic deformity; and 9) women during pregnancy or lactation.

Data Collection

Procedures

Unique ID number was assigned to each participant. A standardized questionnaire, handheld expiratory flowmeter testing, and conventional spirometry was conducted for each participant sequentially.

Handheld Expiratory Flowmeter Testing

Handheld expiratory flowmeter testing was executed by well-trained primary care physicians. At least three maneuvers were performed for each participant without the use of bronchodilator. Results should have met criteria for acceptability (forced expiration for at least 6 s) and reproducibility (at least three acceptable flow–volume curves and the second-highest FEV6 and FEV1 were within 0.2L or 10% of highest value). We selected the best value for the report.

Spirometry

Spirometry testing was performed independently by trained operators according to American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society guidelines.30 Operators were blinded to the test results of the handheld expiratory flowmeter. All study sites used the same model spirometer (JAEGER-Master Screen Pneumo®, CarefusionTM, GER). Spirometers were calibrated before each day’s testing. Lung function parameters were measured before and 15–25 minutes after inhaling a dose of 400μg salbutamol through a 500-mL spacer. We determined a quality grade (A-F) based on acceptable maneuvers and repeatability of the FEV1 and FVC.31 Spirometry results with grades A, B, or C were considered acceptable for analysis.

Definitions and Diagnostic Criteria of COPD

Conventional spirometry results were classified as COPD if the post-bronchodilation FEV1/FVC ratio was <0.7. COPD was classified as stage I (FEV1>80% of the predicted value), stage II (50%≤FEV1<80% of the predicted value), stage III (30%≤FEV1<50% of the predicted value), and stage IV (FEV1<30% of the predicted value).

Analysis

Standard validation measures, including sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and likelihood ratio (for a positive test, LR+) were calculated at different cut-off points of FEV1/FEV6. ROC curve and Youden index (subtract 1 from the sum of sensitivity and specificity) were used to facilitate the cut-off point. The correlations of FEV1, FEV6, FEV1/FEV6 measured by the handheld expiratory flowmeter (pre-bronchodilator), with FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC measured by spirometry (post-bronchodilator), were examined by Pearson’s correlation analysis and Bland–Altman plots.27 The 95% confidence interval was presented for all variables.

Our study protocol was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Diseases and conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Analysis was performed in SPSS (version 24), GraphPad PRISM (version 7) and MedCalc(v12.7).

Results

1650 subjects were initially recruited (978 from urban region, 672 from the rural county). We excluded 120 subjects because of missing data, and 43 subjects whose quality results of spirometry were under grade C. Information about symptoms was available from 1486 subjects. There were 845 (56.9%) never-smokers and 641 (43.1%) smokers in our study. The prevalence of COPD was different among diverse smoking status and respiratory symptoms population (Table 1). A total of 1258 (84.7%) subjects with FEV1/FVC≥70%, 229 (15.4%) were diagnosed COPD (FEV1/FVC <70%). A total of 105 (45.9%) COPD patients were GOLD stage I, 91 (39.7%) were GOLD stage II, 28 (12.2%) were GOLD stage III, and 5 (6.3%) were GOLD stage IV.

Table 1.

Characteristics of All Participants

Non-COPD (N=1258) COPD (N=229)
Area
Urban 824 121
Rural 434 108
Sex
Men 689 188
Women 569 41
Age (years)
40–49 215 7
50–59 568 73
60–69 372 92
≥70 103 57
BMI (kg/m2)
<18.5 84 32
18.5–23.9 653 129
24.0–27.9 403 57
≥28.0 118 11
Smoking status
Never-smoker 775 70
Smoker 482 159
Respiratory symptoms
With respiratory symptom 251 111
Without respiratory symptom 1006 118
Lung function
FEV1/FVC >0.7 1258 –
GOLD stage I – 105
GOLD stage II – 91
GOLD stage III – 28
GOLD stage IV – 5
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Figure 1A shows the strong correlation between FEV1 measured by two machines in total population (r1=0.889, P<0.001), non-COPD group (r2=0.869, P<0.001) and COPD group (r3=0.907, P<0.001). Significant difference was observed between non-COPD group and COPD group (z=2.509, P=0.012). Figure 1B shows strong relationships between FEV1 measured by the spirometry and the handheld expiratory flowmeter in groups of GOLD stage I (rI=0.810, P<0.001), stage II (rII=0.802, P<0.001) and stage III (rIII=0.637, P<0.001), but nonsignificant correlation was found in GOLD stage IV group (rIV=0.844, P=0.072). No statistical significance was found among GOLD stage I, stage II and stage III (rI vs rII: z=0.141, P=0.887; rI vs rIII: z=1.675, P=0.094; rII vs rIII: z=1.558, P=0.119). Bland–Altman graph of FEV1 measured by the spirometry and the handheld expiratory flowmeter is shown in Figure 1C. The limit of Agreement (LoA) was 0.445~0.816 L, and 4.5% (67/1487) points were out of the 95% LoA.

Figure 1.

Figure 1

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Correlation of FEV1 measured by the conventional spirometry with FEV1 measured by the handheld expiratory flowmeter. (A) Relationship between FEV1 measured by spirometry and FEV1 measured by the handheld expiratory flowmeter in total group (r1=0.889, P<0.001), non-COPD group (r2=0.869, P<0.001) and COPD group (r3=0.907, P<0.001). (B) Relationship between FEV1 measured by spirometry and the handheld expiratory flowmeter in the groups of GOLD stage I (rI=0.810, P<0.001), stage II (rII=0.802, P<0.001), stage III (rIII=0.637, P<0.001) and stage IV (rIV=0.844,P<0.001). (C) Bland–Altman graph of FEV1 measured by spirometry and the handheld expiratory flowmeter. 4.5% (67/1487) plots were out of the 95%LoA(−0.445to 0.816L).

Figure 2A shows strong correlations between FVC measured by spirometry with FEV6 measured by the handheld expiratory flowmeter in total population (r1=0.835, P<0.001), non-COPD group (r2=0.865, P<0.001) and COPD group (r3=0.807, P<0.001). Statistical difference was detected between non-COPD group and COPD group (z=2.668, P=0.008). Figure 2B shows strong relationships between FVC measured by spirometry and FEV6 measured by the handheld expiratory flowmeter in groups of GOLD stage I (rI=0.737, P<0.001), stage II (rII=0.724, P<0.001), stage III (rIII=0.574, P=0.0014), but no significant correlation was found in GOLD stage IV group (rIV=0.615, P=0.269). No significant difference was found among groups (rI vs rII: z=0.187, P=0.851; rI vs rIII: z=1.301, P=0.193; rII vs rIII: z=1.161, P=0.246). Figure 2C shows the Bland–Altman graph of FVC by spirometry and FEV6 by the handheld expiratory flowmeter. LoA was 0.514–1.297L, and 5.2% (77/1487) points were out of the 95%LoA.

Figure 2.

Figure 2

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Correlation of FVC measured by the conventional spirometry with FEV6 measured by the handheld expiratory flowmeter. (A) Relationship between FVC measured by spirometry and FEV6 measured by the handheld expiratory flowmeter in total group (r1=0.835, P<0.001), non-COPD group (r2=0.865, P<0.001) and COPD group (r3=0.807, P<0.001). (B) Relationship between FVC measured by spirometry and FEV6 measured by the handheld expiratory flowmeter in groups of GOLD stage I (rI=0.737, P<0.001), stage II (rII=0.724, P<0.001), stage III (rIII=0.574, P=0.0014) and stage IV (rIV=0.615, P=0.269). (C) Bland–Altman graph of FVC by spirometry and FEV6 by the handheld expiratory flowmeter. 5.2% (77/1487) plots were out of the 95%LoA(0.514–1.297L).

Figure 3A shows the relationship between FEV1/FVC measured by spirometry and FEV1/FEV6 measured by the handheld expiratory flowmeter in total group (r1=0.647, P<0.001), non-COPD group (r2=0.343, P<0.001) and COPD group (r3=0.686, P<0.001). Figure 3B shows the relationship between FEV1/FVC measured by spirometry and FEV6/FVC measured by the handheld expiratory flowmeter in groups of GOLD stage I (rI=0.197, P<0.044), stage II (rII=0.641, P<0.001), stage III (rIII=0.715, P<0.001) and stage IV (rIV=0.784, P=0.117). Figure 3C is the Bland–Altman graph of FVC by spirometry and FEV6 by the handheld expiratory flowmeter and the 95%LoA is −20.944 to 12.822.

Figure 3.

Figure 3

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Correlation of FEV1/FVC measured by the conventional spirometry with FEV1/FEV6 measured by the handheld expiratory flowmeter. (A) Relationship between FEV1/FVC measured by spirometry and FEV1/FEV6 measured by the handheld expiratory flowmeter in total group (r1=0.647, P<0.001), non-COPD group (r2=0.343, P<0.001) and COPD group (r3=0.686, P<0.001). (B) Relationship between FEV1/FVC measured by spirometry and FEV6/FVC measured by the handheld expiratory flowmeter in groups of GOLD stage I (rI=0.197, P<0.044), stage II (rII=0.641, P<0.001), stage III (rIII=0.715, P<0.001) and stage IV (rIV=0.784, P=0.117). (C) Bland–Altman graph of FVC by spirometry and FEV6 by the handheld expiratory flowmeter.

Table 2 presents the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and positive likelihood ratio (LR+) at different cut-off points of FEV1/FEV6 ratios. The sensitivity was 41.9%, and specificity was 97.9% with an FEV1/FEV6 ratio ≤0.70, respectively, 77.7% and 80.0% with the ratio ≤0.80.

Table 2.

The Measures on Sensitivity and Specificity at Different Cut-Off Points of FEV1/FEV6

Cut-Off Point SE% SP% PPV% NPV% LR+
≤0.65 25.8 98.8 80.8 88.0 23.2
≤0.70 41.9 97.9 78.7 90.3 20.3
≤0.75 60.3 93.0 60.5 92.8 8.4
≤0.77 71.2 89.8 55.8 94.5 6.9
≤0.80 77.7 80.0 41.3 95.2 3.9
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Abbreviations: SE, sensitivity; SP, specificity; PPV, positive predictive value; NPV, negative predictive value; LR+, positive likelihood ratio.

ROC curve was used to determine the best corresponding cut-off for FEV1/FEV6 (Figure 4A). When the FEV1/FEV6 cut-off value of was 0.77, the area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC) was 0.86 (95% CI: 0.83–0.89) and the sensitivity (71.2%) and specificity (89.8%) was greatest. Table 2 shows AUC, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and positive likelihood ratio (LR+) at different cut-off points of FEV1/FEV6 ratios.

Figure 4.

Figure 4

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Area under ROC curves for FEV1/FEV6 measured by the handheld expiratory flowmeter. (A) FEV1/FEV6 by the handheld expiratory flowmeter and DIF-Age(“lung age” by the handheld expiratory flowmeter–actual age) to identify airflow obstruction.(B) FEV1/FEV6 by the handheld expiratory flowmeter to identify airflow obstruction in the population with respiratory symptoms and the population without respiratory symptom. (C) FEV1/FEV6 by the handheld expiratory flowmeter to identify airflow obstruction in the smokers (including current smokers and ex-smokers) and never-smokers. Using post-bronchodilators FEV1/FVC <70% as a “gold standard” for determination of airflow obstruction.

Figure 4B shows ROC curves of FEV1/FEV6 measured by the handheld expiratory flowmeter to identify airflow obstruction in the symptoms group and asymptomatic patients. AUC were 0.87 (95% CI: 0.82–0.916) and 0.84 (95% CI: 0.802–0.884), no significant difference (z=0.789, P=0.425) was observed between two groups. The AUC of FEV1/FEV6 that used to identify airflow obstruction in the smoker group (including current smokers and ex-smokers) and the never-smokers were 0.86 (95% CI: 0.82 to 0.90) and 0.84 (95% CI: 0.79 to 0.89), respectively. No significant difference was observed (z=0.651, P=0.515) (Figure 4C).

Discussion

This is the first study to confirm the validity of a handheld expiratory device for COPD screening for primary care settings in China. We also came out with result that the appropriate cut-off value for FEV1/FEV6 to determine airflow limitation was 0.77 in Chinese primary care settings, including both rural and urban area.

It has already been demonstrated that FEV6 is a reliable alternative for FVC to detect airway obstruction and restriction.20 There are two types of handheld tools made in UK and Ireland for measuring FEV6 and FEV1/FEV6. Previous studies have demonstrated that these devices could be useful in detecting pulmonary obstructive pathologies.23–28,32 However, the best cut-off point to use for defining airflow obstruction remained uncertain. Vandevoorde et al33 and Melbye et al34 reported that FEV1/FEV6<70–73% can be used as a valid alternative to FEV1/FVC<70% for the detection of obstruction using conventional spirometers. Rosa reported that the best cut-off point for the FEV1/FEV6 ratio was 0.75 in subjects aged 40 years or over.35 However, these studies were performed with conventional spirometers. Since we used the handheld spirometer, we cannot blindly adapt these values to our study directly.

In our study, we use FEV1/FVC <70% as the “gold standard” to detect airflow obstruction. The AUC for FEV1/FEV6 to identify airflow limitation was 0.857. The best cut-off point for FEV1/FEV6 was 0.77 with a sensitivity of 71.2% and specificity of 89.8%. Besides, almost all of the discordant cases were close to the cut-off value. Our results in line with a previous study, which determined 73% as the cut-off value with greatest sensitivity and specificity.27 The latest study from the United Kingdom also supports our result with closely cutoff (eg, 78%).36

Several seasons led to heterogeneity in studies: methodological measures, different prevalence of airway limitation and the cut-off points used to define airflow obstruction. Previous results of multiple meta-regression presented that the prevalence of airway limitation may have an effect on diagnostic-odds ratio.21 According to a previous study, sensitivity and specificity were dependent on the prevalence of moderate-to-severe airway obstruction. Low prevalence of severe airway obstruction may reduce the sensitivity of FEV6, and low prevalence of mild airway obstruction reduced the specificity of FEV6.37 In our study, subjects were randomly selected and representative of the real world. Subjects included smokers and non-smokers, rural and urban residents, previous diagnosed and never diagnosed COPD patients. In this study, the prevalence of obstruction was 15.3% (229/1487). The best cut-off point for FEV1/FEV6 was 0.77 with a sensitivity of 71.2% and specificity of 89.8%. In previous study (population aged 45–85 years and with smoking history of >15 pack-years), sensitivity and specificity were 79.2% and 80.3% when cut-off value was set as 73%.27 Despite the inconstant result of cut-off point of FEV1/FEV6, our findings show that the handheld expiratory flowmeter was effective in detecting previously undiagnosed COPD. In comparison to having no diagnosis or a delayed diagnosis without the screening tool, the risk of false positives and negatives for portable spirometers have been accepted by several studies.36,38,39 Aimed to provide an evidence for COPD screening in the primary care setting, our program recruited residents aged ≥40 years and did not consider respiratory symptoms, smoking history, and history of chronic respiratory diseases as inclusion criteria. Compared with previous studies,36,38,40 there are the two characteristics of our study population. First, the incidence of COPD in this study is 15.4%, which is consistent with the data of the latest large-scale epidemiological survey in China (13.6% in people aged 40 years or older). Therefore, subjects in our study are more reflective of the real world. Secondary, 52.3% of COPD patients in this study were asymptomatic (118/229). Previous studies recruited people at high risk of COPD who could not reflect the characteristics of residents in communities. These two major factors determine a slightly lower sensitivity (ie, 71%) when the optimal cut-off point is used. Nevertheless, the portable spirometer was still able to detect fundamental COPD patients in early stage without respiratory symptoms, which provides the possibility for early diagnosis and treatment for these patients. In addition, the specificity of the portable spirometer was 89.8% which could avoid the need for more people to enter the next step of laboratory examination. It should be emphasized that COPD-6 is only used as a screening tool but not a diagnosis approach, and people who are positive for COPD-6 screening or have other abnormal measures (ie, FEV1/pre <0.8)41 will be recommended for further diagnosis with a conventional spirometry. Therefore, portable spirometers could be used as a tool for COPD screening in Chinese primary care settings.

Furthermore, similar AUC values were obtained in the symptomatic population (AUC=0.87) and asymptomatic population (AUC=0.84). No significant difference was observed between smoking group (including smokers and ex-smokers) (AUC=0.86) and non-smokers (AUC=0.84). The results remind us that the handheld expiratory flowmeter was effective in detecting airflow limitation for population with diverse characteristics, especially in non-smokers and asymptomatic patients.

To the best of our knowledge, handheld spirometric measurements are not identical to conventional spirometry. The most limitation of this approach was handheld spirometric measurements may not be appropriate for determining the grade of airflow limitation. We assessed the correlation of several measures by the handheld expiratory flowmeter and conventional spirometry at different stages of COPD. No significant correlations were observed between FVC measured by spirometry and FEV6 measured by the handheld expiratory flowmeter in GOLD stage IV. FEV1/FVC measured by spirometry was also not correlated with FEV1/FEV6 measured by the handheld expiratory flowmeter in GOLD stage IV.

These phenomena indicated the fact that the handheld expiratory flowmeter may not be appropriate for determining the grade of airflow limitation.

There are several potential reasons for differences and inconsistency mentioned above: 1) FEV1/FVC and FVC are more dependent on the FET (forced expiratory time) than FEV1/FEV6 and FEV642; 2) instead of measuring the whole FVC, the handheld expiratory flowmeter testing stops measuring after 6s and results in the risk of overstating FEV1/FEV6 ratio; 3) the handheld expiratory flowmeter does not provide graph analysis of the volume/time or flow/volume curves that are essential (especially the later ones) in quality control; 4) in this study, the handheld expiratory flowmeter were performed before the use of bronchodilation, and the conventional spirometry were adapted after the process of post-bronchodilation; 5) in our study, only five patients were GOLD stage IV, which might cause statistical bias.

However, limitations mentioned above are irrelevant for the COPD screening in primary care settings. Utilization of the handheld expiratory flowmeter was aimed to reduce misdiagnosis rate and avoid the waste of medical resources at the same time. Our study, including the handheld expiratory flowmeter and its cutoff value, can be widely recommended for the practice of COPD screening in Chinese communities.

Conclusions

The handheld expiratory flowmeter could be used as a pre-screening device in early diagnosis of COPD in Chinese primary care settings. Furthermore, it should be noted that the cut-off value for FEV1/FEV6 to determine airflow limitation was 0.77.

Acknowledgments

This study was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China, Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2016YFC1304100), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81970045, 81570035), the special fund for preventing and controlling the COVID-19, Guangdong, China (2020B1111330001), and Provincial Innovation and Research Team Project of Guangdong Pearl River Talents Program, China (2017BT01S155). However, the aforementioned study funders had no influence on the process of study.

Disclosure

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest for this work.

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