Table 1.

Preclinical Studies of Nanomaterials-Based PDT Combined with ICB

PS	Mediated Nanomaterials	ICB Receptor	Combined ICB Drug	Light Source	Cancer Model	Effectiveness	Ref.
H4TBC	MOF	IDO	INCB24360	650 nm	CT26 and MC38 tumor models	This treatment promoted an efficient inhibition in local and abscopal tumors in a bilateral tumor murine model.	[84]
Porphyrin	Redox-activatable liposome	IDO	NLG-8189	660 nm	4T1 tumor murine model	The percentage of CD8+ T cells in the treated tumors significantly enhanced to approximately 10.51%, compared to that in PBS group was about 5.11%.	[85]
Ce6	iPSs (self-assembly of Ce6 and NLG919)	IDO	NLG919	660 nm	CT26 tumor murine model	The percentages of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in PDT combined immunotherapy achieved 2.3, 5.1-fold higher than that in ICB treatment, which was 1.4, 1.8-fold higher than the PDT treatment.	[86]
Ce6	UCNPs	CTLA-4	Anti-CTLA4 antibody	980 nm	CT26 tumor murine model	PDT applied with αCTLA-4 provided an outstanding effect in eradicating residual tumors with enduring immune responses, especially curing distant tumors without direct light irradiation.	[88]
ZnPc	UCNP@SiO2@AuNPs	CTLA-4	Anti-CTLA4 antibody	980 nm	4T1 tumor murine model	The treatment was effective in inhibiting the subcutaneous xenograft tumors with minor side effects.	[89]
Ce6	M-MONs	CTLA-4	Anti-CTLA4 antibody	660 nm	MCF-7 and 4T1 tumor murine model	The treatment system-induced ICD including DAMPs release, TNF-α, IL-6, and IFN-γ secretion, which promoted DCs maturation, CTLs infiltration, and reduced Tregs activation.	[90]
Pyrolipid	Zn-pyrophosphate	PD-L1	Anti-PD-L1 antibody	670 nm	4T1 tumor murine model	The combined application of PDT and αPD-L1 resulted in a 92% reduction in tumor volumes compared to the PBS group, indicating a satisfactory efficacy for metastatic tumors.	[93]
Ce6	Ce6/BMS-202 nanoparticles	PD‐1/PD‐L1	BMS-202	660 nm	4T1 tumor murine model	This therapy offered a long-term immune memory response, which efficiently protected mice from tumor recurrence and metastasis.	[94]
Pyropheoph-orbide	Cyclodextrin‐grafted hyaluronic acid (HA-CD)	PD-L1	JQ1	671 nm	Panc02-pancreatic tumor model	This study consistently verified that it could elicit a potent antitumor immune response in pancreatic cancer while relieving immunosuppression.	[96]
IR775	Liposome	PD-L1	Metformin	785 nm	MB49 and CT26 tumor murine models	The weights of collected tumors in the PBS group were 8-fold heavier than that in the NPs + Laser group, indicating this therapy possessed excellent antitumor efficacy for various types of cancers.	[97]