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The arrows refer to the role of promotion, and the symbol of “┴” refers to the role of inhibition. Na+/H+ antiporter and mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake 1/2 (MICUs), and the P53-CypD signaling pathway is an important regulatory pathway for mPTP formation and calcium overload. Excessive calcium concentration in mitochondria can induce mitochondrial damage and apoptosis.
