Curculigoside treatment alleviated Ti-induced inhibition on ALP activity, mineralization, and ROS generation in MC3T3-E1 cells. (a) MC3T3-E1 cells were detected with ALP staining, and ALP activity was quantified. (b, d) MC3T3-E1 cells were assayed by Alizarin Red staining, and the mineralization in each group cell was quantified. (c, e) Intracellular ROS level of MC3T3-E1 cells after Ti intervention and curculigoside treatment was assayed by flow cytometry, and ROS production in each group cell was quantified (n = 3); results are represented as the mean ± SD. ▲P < 0.05, compared to the Con group; ▲▲P < 0.01, compared to the Con group; ∗P < 0.05, compared to the Ti group; ∗∗P < 0.01, compared to the Ti group. Ti: titanium particle; Con: control; ALP: alkaline phosphatase.