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The levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, RANKL, and OPG in MC3T3-E1 cells were detected using ELISA kits (n = 3); results are represented as the mean ± SD. ▲P < 0.05, compared to the Con group; ▲▲P < 0.01, compared to the Con group; ∗P < 0.05, compared to the Ti group; ∗∗P < 0.01, compared to the Ti group. Ti: titanium particle; Con: control.
