Table 1.
Baseline characteristics and laboratory and radiographic findings of 169 patients with COVID-19.
| Number of Patients | Overall population (n = 169) | No coronary calcification (n = 64) | Mild coronary calcifications (n = 42) | Moderate coronary calcifications (n = 26) | Heavy coronary calcifications (n = 37) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | 65.6 ± 15.8 [30–95] | 52.7 ± 12.3 [30–81] | 69.3 ± 12.5 [39–89] | 72.9 ± 12.5 [51–94] | 78.4 ± 10.0 [54–95] | < 0.001 |
| Male | 118 (69.8%) | 44 (68.8%) | 24 (57.1%) | 19 (73.1%) | 31 (83.8%) | 0.078 |
| BMI (kg/m²) | 26.8 ± 5.4 [18.7–52.0] | 27.9 ± 6.2 [19.8–44] | 26.0 ± 4.0 [19.1–36.0] | 26.6 ± 6.7 [18.7–52.0] | 25.8 ± 3.8 [18.7–38.1] | 0.155 |
| Risk factors | ||||||
| Hypertension | 78 (46.2%) | 16 (25.0%) | 17 (40.5%) | 18 (69.2%) | 27 (73.0%) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes | 33 (19.5%) | 8 (12.5%) | 10 (23.8%) | 5 (19.2%) | 10 (27.0%) | 0.280 |
| Hyper-cholesterolemia | 44 (26.0%) | 7 (10.9%) | 9 (21.4%) | 10 (38.5%) | 18 (48.6%) | < 0.001 |
| Current smoking | 8 (4.7%) | 4 (6.3%) | 1 (2.4%) | 2 (7.4%) | 1 (7.7%) | 0.626 |
| Medical history | ||||||
| Prior MI | 14 (8.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (7.7%) | 12 (32.4%) | < 0.001 |
| Prior PCI | 12 (7.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (7.7%) | 10 (27.0%) | < 0.001 |
| Prior CABG | 3 (1.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (8.1%) | 0.025 |
| History of heart failure | 5 (3.0%) | 1 (1.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (3.8%) | 3 (8.1%) | 0.141 |
| History of stroke | 2 (1.2%) | 1 (1.6%) | 1 (2.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.578 |
| Peripheral artery disease | 7 (4.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (2.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 6 (16.2%) | < 0.001 |
| Chronic renal failure | 21 (12.4%) | 4 (6.3%) | 2 (4.8%) | 5 (19.2%) | 10 (27.0%) | 0.006 |
| COPD | 12 (7.1%) | 1 (1.6%) | 3 (7.1%) | 2 (7.7%) | 6 (16.2%) | 0.051 |
| Cancer | 37 (21.9%) | 9 (14.1%) | 9 (21.4%) | 5 (19.2%) | 14 (37.8%) | 0.048 |
| Prior medications | ||||||
| Aspirin | 32 (18.9%) | 3 (4.7%) | 6 (14.3%) | 7 (26.9%) | 16 (43.2%) | < 0.001 |
| Oral anticoagulant | 23 (13.6%) | 3 (4.7%) | 6 (14.3%) | 4 (15.4%) | 10 (27.0%) | 0.016 |
| Statins | 34 (20.1%) | 6 (9.4%) | 7 (16.7%) | 7 (26.9%) | 14 (37.8%) | 0.005 |
| Betablockers | 34 (20.1%) | 7 (10.9%) | 3 (7.1%) | 5 (19.2%) | 19 (51.4%) | < 0.001 |
| Calcium channel blockers | 30 (17.8%) | 9 (14.1%) | 7 (16.7%) | 3 (11.5%) | 11 (29.7%) | 0.204 |
| ACE inhibitor or ARB | 49 (29.0%) | 9 (14.0%) | 11 (26.2%) | 12 (46.2%) | 17 (45.9%) | 0.001 |
| Diuretics | 32 (18.9%) | 7 (10.9%) | 5 (11.9%) | 9 (34.6%) | 11 (29.7%) | 0.012 |
| Clinical presentation | ||||||
| Temperature ( °C) | 37.9 ± 1.0 [35.7–40.3] | 37.9 ± 1.0 [35.9–40.3] | 38.0 ± 1.0 [36.4–39.9] | 38.0 ± 0.8 [36.3–39.3] | 37.7 ± 0.9 [35.7–39.4] | 0.585 |
| Fever | 77 (45.6%) | 29 (45.3%) | 19 (45.2%) | 14 (53.8%) | 15 (40.5%) | 0.777 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 91.8 ± 18.9 [50–150] | 98.5 ± 18.6 [62–150] | 92.7 ± 18.6 [62–150] | 88.7 ± 19.3 [50–117] | 81.6 ± 14.7 [54–114] | < 0.001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 133.0 ± 22.3 [73–208] | 130.0 ± 18.0 [85–165] | 135.9 ± 23.1 [83–193] | 135.6 ± 19.8 [100–184] | 133.0 ± 28.9 [73–208] | 0.524 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 77.5 ± 15.4 [36–142] | 80.4 ± 11.0 [50–103] | 79.2 ± 19.6 [36–142] | 74.7 ± 12.6 [55–100] | 72.5 ± 17.2 [36–101] | 0.051 |
| Respiratory rate | 22.0 ± 6.8 [14–50] | 23.3 ± 8.0 [14–50] | 21.0 ± 6.3 [14–41] | 22.2 ± 5.7 [16–38] | 20.9 ± 5.4 [14–35] | 0.230 |
| Dyspnea | 119 (70.4%) | 50 (78.1%) | 28 (66.7%) | 19 (73.1%) | 22 (59.5%) | 0.228 |
| Cough | 89 (52.7%) | 36 (56.3%) | 21 (50.0%) | 14 (53.8%) | 18 (48.6%) | 0.872 |
| Chest pain | 15 (8.9%) | 9 (14.1%) | 4 (9.5%) | 1 (3.8%) | 1 (2.7%) | 0.157 |
| Diarrhea | 37 (21.9%) | 16 (25.0%) | 13 (31.0%) | 3 (11.5%) | 5 (13.5%) | 0.137 |
| Laboratory findings at admission, median (IQR) | ||||||
| Neutrophils (× 106) | 4635 (3125; 6498) n = 168 | 4720 (2855; 6760) n = 64 | 4030 (3015; 6270) n = 42 | 5235 (3843; 6978) n = 26 | 4450 (3658; 6255) n = 36 | 0.616 |
| Lymphocytes (× 106/L) | 975 (643; 1308) | 1050 (780; 1360) | 1045 (748; 1310) | 770 (503; 1150) | 760 (498; 1620) | 0.511 |
| Platelets (× 109/L) | 182 (141; 241) n = 168 | 204 (149; 255) n = 63 | 173 (137; 232) n = 42 | 168 (139; 238) n = 26 | 170 (139; 255) n = 37 | 0.327 |
| Creatinine (µg/L) | 81 (66; 110) | 74.5 (63; 89) | 79 (66; 96) | 92 (65; 124) | 107 (75; 170) | < 0.001 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL | 13.7 (12.4; 14.8) | 13.9 (12.8; 14.9) | 13.7 (12.5; 14.9) | 14.0 (13.0; 14.9) | 12.7 (10.7; 14.2) | 0.008 |
| High-sensitivity troponin (ng/L) | 12.5 (6.4; 27.4) | 7.9 (4.4; 13.5) | 12.2 (5.7; 24.9) | 15.9 (9.5; 47.8) | 31.0 (13.9; 50.5) | 0.087 |
| Brain natriuretic peptide (ng/L) | 47 (18–159) (n = 155) | 21 (13–49) n = 57 | 50 (19–160) n = 39 | 45 (20–185) n = 24 | 165 (58–442) n = 35 | < 0.001 |
| D-Dimers, (ng/mL) | 1040 (674; 1647) n = 154 | 1009 (629; 1512) n = 61 | 871 (663; 1635) n = 37 | 858 (598; 1338) n = 24 | 1459 (804; 2807) n = 32 | 0.003 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 97.5 (52.0; 139.3) | 97.0 (28.2; 155.0) | 76.1 (48.8; 115.5) | 107.3 (58.5; 142.5) | 99.3 (57.4; 139.0) | 0.657 |
| Computed tomography findings Number of lung lobes with consolidation | ||||||
| <3 ≥ 3 Bilateral consolidation | 88 (52.1%) 81 (47.9%) 162 (95.9%) | 33 (51.6%) 31 (48.4%) 61 (95.3%) | 25 (59.5%) 17 (40.5%) 40 (95.2%) | 11 (42.3%) 15 (57.7%) 26 (100%) | 19 (51.4%) 18 (48.6%) 35 (94.6%) | 0.584 0.813 |
Quantitative variables are expressed as mean ± standard deviations with range in brackets or as medians with interquartile ranges in parentheses. Qualitative variables are expressed as raw numbers with percentages in parentheses. ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin receptor blockers; BMI, body mass index; CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; IQR, interquartile range; MI, myocardial infarction; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; SBP, systolic blood pressure.
Bold indicates significant P value.