Table 4.
Adjusted Cox Proportional Hazard Ratios (HR) by quartile for cardiovascular disease outcomes and all-cause mortality
| CVD outcomes | All-cause mortality | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q2 HR (95% CI) | Q3 HR (95% CI) | Q4 HR (95% CI) | p | Q2 HR (95% CI) | Q3 HR (95% CI) | Q4 HR (95% CI) | p | |
| Vitamin C | 0.85 (0.59–1.24) | 0.69 (0.46–1.03) | 0.86 (0.58–1.26) | 0.27 | 0.69 (0.52–0.92) | 0.63 (0.46–0.84) | 0.66 (0.49–0.89) | 0.003 |
| Lycopene | 0.93 (0.64–1.34) | 0.95 (0.65–1.38) | 0.73 (0.47–1.14) | 0.24 | 0.77 (0.59–1.00) | 0.63 (0.47–0.85) | 0.70 (0.51–0.96) | 0.005 |
| β-Carotene | 0.61 (0.42–0.90) | 0.90 (0.62–1.30) | 0.54 (0.34–0.86) | 0.06 | 0.71 (0.54–0.93) | 0.71 (0.53–0.95) | 0.53 (0.37–0.74) | < 0.001 |
| α-Carotene | 0.92 (0.65–1.32) | 0.73 (0.49–1.09) | 0.71 (0.45–1.12) | 0.07 | 0.92 (0.71–1.20) | 0.72 (0.53–0.96) | 0.56 (0.40–0.80) | 0.001 |
| β-Cryptoxanthin | 0.94 (0.64–1.36) | 0.99 (0.67–1.47) | 0.86 (0.56–1.32) | 0.57 | 0.46 (0.35–0.62) | 0.63 (0.47–0.83) | 0.41 (0.29–0.57) | < 0.001 |
| Zeaxanthin | 1.02 (0.69–1.51) | 1.00 (0.65–1.54) | 1.26 (0.81–1.95) | 0.36 | 0.58 (0.43–0.77) | 0.60 (0.44–0.81) | 0.50 (0.36–0.71) | < 0.001 |
| Lutein | 0.81 (0.55–1.19) | 0.91 (0.59–1.38) | 0.90 (0.57–1.41) | 0.73 | 0.79 (0.60–1.04) | 0.63 (0.46–0.86) | 0.56 (0.40–0.79) | < 0.001 |
| α-Tocophorol | 0.85 (0.56–1.30) | 1.13 (0.75–1.68) | 0.99 (0.64–1.53) | 0.72 | 0.56 (0.42–0.75) | 0.68 (0.51–0.91) | 0.66 (0.48–0.91) | 0.02 |
| γ-Tocophorol | 1.06 (0.70–1.59) | 1.14 (0.76–1.70) | 0.90 (0.59–1.38) | 0.69 | 0.87 (0.65–1.17) | 1.01 (0.76–1.35) | 0.83 (0.61–1.13) | 0.43 |
| Retinol | 0.82 (0.56–1.21) | 0.76 (0.52–1.12) | 0.65 (0.43–0.98) | 0.04 | 0.70 (0.53–0.94) | 0.74 (0.56–0.99) | 0.68 (0.50–0.91) | 0.02 |
| Mean SAS | 0.83 (0.59–1.17) | 0.79 (0.55–1.14) | 0.76 (0.51–1.13) | 0.16 | 0.61 (0.47–0.79) | 0.46 (0.34–0.62) | 0.50 (0.37–0.68) | < 0.001 |
The HR indicated for quarters 2, 3 and 4 are relative to the reference quarter 1. The Cox Proportional HRs are adjusted for age, country, diabetes, alcohol and smoking status, systolic blood pressure, body mass index, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, height, social class and physical activity level
Q quarter, HR hazard ratio, CI confidence intervals, Mean SAS mean standardised antioxidant score, p p for trend