Table 1.
Food group consumption (per capita and per consumer) among all UK Biobank participants
| Per capita n = 208,200 | Per consumer | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean intake g/d (SD) | Mean intake kJ/d (SD) | % Energy intake | % | Mean intake g/d (SD) | Mean intake kJ/d (SD) | |
| Total daily intake | 3229 (794) | 8679 (2422) | 100 | 100 | 3229 (794) | 8679 (2422) |
| 1-Cereals and cereal products | 206.2 (115.0) | 1817.1 (882.8) | 20.9 | 99 | 209.2 (113.1) | 1843.4 (861.4) |
| White bread | 30.2 (47.8) | 319.7 (507.3) | 3.7 | 46 | 65.9 (51.3) | 698.0 (545.7) |
| Wholemeal bread | 25.0 (41.1) | 238.1 (392) | 2.7 | 42 | 60.1 (44.1) | 571.7 (422.1) |
| Mixed bread, brown and seeded | 23.5 (38.3) | 232.3 (379.8) | 2.7 | 42 | 56.0 (41.1) | 553.8 (407.2) |
| Other bread | 9.2 (27.6) | 106.3 (314.0) | 1.2 | 20 | 45.6 (45.9) | 527.0 (516.9) |
| Savoury crackers | 4.7 (10.6) | 80.4 (181.4) | 0.9 | 26 | 18.2 (13.6) | 308.7 (236.5) |
| Bran cereal | 4.0 (11.6) | 55.6 (160.6) | 0.6 | 14 | 28.5 (16.0) | 394.8 (222.0) |
| Biscuit cereal | 5.5 (13.6) | 82.1 (203.4) | 0.9 | 19 | 29.2 (17.1) | 436.1 (255.6) |
| Oat cereal (non-sugar) | 34.2 (69.5) | 119.1 (250.0) | 1.4 | 24 | 142.3 (68.6) | 494.7 (271.7) |
| Oat cereal (sugar) | 2.4 (10.8) | 40.3 (182.0) | 0.5 | 7 | 36.6 (23) | 617.8 (388.5) |
| Muesli | 10.5 (22.9) | 151.8 (332.1) | 1.7 | 22 | 47.0 (25.2) | 682.7 (365.4) |
| Other cereal (sugar) | 4.8 (11.1) | 76.5 (174.2) | 0.9 | 22 | 22.5 (13.2) | 355.7 (204.4) |
| White pasta & rice | 43.6 (70.0) | 269.0 (436.9) | 3.1 | 39 | 111.1 (70.7) | 685.2 (448.4) |
| Wholemeal pasta, brown rice and other wholegrains | 8.5 (33.2) | 46.0 (181.7) | 0.5 | 9 | 91.3 (65.4) | 494.7 (365.3) |
| 2-Mixed-dishes | 58.0 (93.4) | 369.8 (716.0) | 4.3 | 51 | 113.3 (103.7) | 722.0 (864.0) |
| Pizza | 10.8 (52.1) | 123.8 (598.4) | 1.4 | 7 | 151.7 (129.8) | 1742 (1489.6) |
| Grain dishes—added fat | 7.6 (18.8) | 143.1 (338.4) | 1.6 | 26 | 29.0 (26.9) | 546.4 (465.6) |
| Samosa, pakora | 0.9 (6.8) | 10.0 (79.2) | 0.1 | 3 | 31.2 (27.1) | 361.8 (314.4) |
| Soups | 37.6 (74.5) | 85.0 (185.9) | 1.0 | 28 | 133.9 (82.8) | 302.3 (239.3) |
| Sushi | 1.2 (17.4) | 7.8 (118.3) | 0.1 | 1 | 164.3 (128.0) | 1117.5 (870.5) |
| 3-Dairy and dairy-free products | 271.1 (145.3) | 795.1 (453.7) | 9.2 | 98 | 275.9 (142.0) | 809.3 (445.0) |
| Whole milk | 13.7 (60.8) | 37.0 (165.0) | 0.4 | 8 | 181.7 (136.5) | 492 (372.1) |
| Semiskimmed milk | 140.9 (139.9) | 262.9 (260.2) | 3.0 | 67 | 209.9 (121.2) | 391.5 (224.7) |
| Skimmed milk | 46.2 (102.8) | 66.9 (147.5) | 0.8 | 24 | 195.1 (124.7) | 282.4 (176.2) |
| Rice/oat drink | 0.8 (11.9) | 1.2 (19.0) | 0.0 | 1 | 109.3 (90.5) | 175.9 (142.9) |
| Soy drink | 7.5 (40.1) | 13.8 (74.7) | 0.2 | 5 | 149.1 (104.8) | 275.6 (197.5) |
| Full fat yogurt | 9.6 (27.5) | 38.9 (111.0) | 0.4 | 17 | 56.3 (42.3) | 227.5 (170.9) |
| Low fat yogurt | 33.9 (53.9) | 99.2 (158.1) | 1.1 | 40 | 85.4 (54.2) | 250.4 (158.8) |
| High fat cheese | 14.4 (19.0) | 231.2 (307.1) | 2.7 | 55 | 26.1 (18.7) | 419.9 (303.4) |
| Medium and low fat cheese | 2.9 (9.9) | 25.5 (87.8) | 0.3 | 15 | 20.0 (18.2) | 175.6 (163.4) |
| Cream | 1.2 (4.6) | 18.5 (71.1) | 0.2 | 8 | 14.5 (8.1) | 223 (123.8) |
| 4-Egg and egg dishes | 21.5 (40.4) | 163.7 (316.1) | 1.9 | 37 | 57.7 (48.0) | 440.4 (383.3) |
| 5-Fat and spreads | 11.9 (10.7) | 269.2 (274.9) | 3.1 | 78 | 15.3 (9.8) | 344.6 (266.0) |
| Olive oil (drizzling/dunking) | 0.3 (1.3) | 10.9 (49.8) | 0.1 | 6 | 5.0 (2.7) | 183.4 (101.3) |
| Dairy fat spread lower fat | 0.9 (3.9) | 14.2 (62.9) | 0.2 | 9 | 10.5 (8.9) | 165.5 (144.7) |
| Dairy fat spread | 5.2 (9.3) | 150.0 (272.2) | 1.7 | 37 | 13.9 (10.5) | 403.6 (311.4) |
| Vegetable spread lower fat | 2.4 (5.8) | 33.4 (80.4) | 0.4 | 23 | 10.2 (7.9) | 142.4 (109.8) |
| Vegetable spread | 3.1 (6.5) | 60.6 (126.4) | 0.7 | 30 | 10.3 (8.0) | 199.4 (157.5) |
| 6-Meat and meat products | 92.6 (72.0) | 805.0 (656.8) | 9.3 | 82 | 112.7 (63.5) | 979.6 (594.9) |
| Poultry | 30.9 (50.1) | 218.1 (356.4) | 2.5 | 40 | 78.1 (51.5) | 550.2 (371.1) |
| Pork | 8.5 (26.8) | 73.2 (234.1) | 0.8 | 14 | 61.6 (44.1) | 530.2 (393.6) |
| Beef | 22.9 (41.5) | 207.7 (379.7) | 2.4 | 33 | 68.9 (44.8) | 624.5 (416.2) |
| Lamb | 6.7 (24.5) | 74.0 (271.5) | 0.9 | 11 | 61.9 (45.5) | 679.4 (515.3) |
| Other meat, offal | 1.8 (11.2) | 25.7 (156.6) | 0.3 | 4 | 44.2 (33.9) | 616.1 (472.7) |
| Processed meat | 18.0 (30.0) | 171.7 (313.4) | 2.0 | 47 | 38.6 (33.7) | 367.4 (371.8) |
| Breaded/battered chicken | 3.7 (18.6) | 34.7 (175.1) | 0.4 | 7 | 56.3 (48.1) | 530.7 (453.4) |
| 7-Fish and fish dishes | 32.4 (48.0) | 225.6 (358.1) | 2.6 | 4 | 69.5 (48.7) | 484.3 (387.2) |
| White fish and tinned tuna | 11.9 (28.8) | 63.1 (156.5) | 0.7 | 22 | 54.5 (38.3) | 289.7 (216.1) |
| Shellfish | 3.2 (12.7) | 10.4 (42.3) | 0.1 | 11 | 29.0 (26.7) | 93.9 (91.3) |
| Oily fish | 11.3 (27.4) | 97.5 (236.3) | 1.1 | 21 | 53.3 (36.2) | 458.7 (311.6) |
| Breaded/battered fish | 5.9 (24.8) | 54.5 (227.1) | 0.6 | 9 | 68.9 (52.6) | 632.1 (482.4) |
| 8-Meat substitutes | 4.1 (20.5) | 33.4 (175.0) | 0.4 | 6 | 64.5 (51.9) | 523.0 (473.2) |
| Vegetarian meals | 3.5 (19.0) | 31.2 (171.9) | 0.4 | 5 | 65.1 (51.9) | 578.9 (480.1) |
| Soy-based meals | 0.6 (6.4) | 2.1 (22.5) | 0.0 | 1 | 42.8 (32.8) | 151.4 (116.3) |
| 9-Vegetables and potatoes | 306.0 (207.1) | 906.8 (691.0) | 10.4 | 92 | 331.4 (195.0) | 982.0 (665.8) |
| Raw salad | 20.6 (32.1) | 11.5 (18.1) | 0.1 | 50 | 41.3 (34.9) | 23.1 (19.7) |
| Green leafy/cabbages | 29.2 (47.7) | 31.6 (53.1) | 0.4 | 47 | 62.7 (52.9) | 67.9 (59.9) |
| Root vegetables | 21.1 (30.7) | 26.4 (45.6) | 0.3 | 54 | 39.3 (32.3) | 49.1 (52.5) |
| Tomatoes | 38.6 (54.2) | 34.7 (51.3) | 0.4 | 56 | 69.6 (56.0) | 62.4 (54.8) |
| Allium vegetables | 11.8 (20.8) | 43.9 (75.6) | 0.5 | 46 | 25.3 (24.3) | 94.5 (86.8) |
| Other vegetables (mushrooms, fruiting, mixed) | 59.1 (69.8) | 115.9 (170.3) | 1.3 | 72 | 81.6 (70.0) | 160.0 (181.6) |
| Peas/sweetcorn | 8.6 (17.8) | 24.4 (51.1) | 0.3 | 30 | 28.5 (22.1) | 81.3 (63.8) |
| Potatoes/sweet potatoes (baked/boiled) | 48.8 (75.8) | 187.0 (309.8) | 2.2 | 45 | 109.2 (79.2) | 418.7 (343.3) |
| Mashed potatoes | 17.4 (44.1) | 74.6 (191.4) | 0.9 | 20 | 88.5 (60.4) | 380.3 (265.4) |
| Fried/roast potatoes | 31.3 (61.4) | 250.0 (491.2) | 2.9 | 32 | 97.4 (72.9) | 778.9 (582.8) |
| Legumes/pulses | 13.7 (31.0) | 49.5 (109.6) | 0.6 | 28 | 48.1 (41.5) | 174.4 (143.2) |
| Vegetable side dishes | 4.7 (18.2) | 42.7 (164.5) | 0.5 | 11 | 42.8 (37.1) | 386.3 (335.1) |
| Vegetable dips | 1.2 (4.5) | 14.6 (55.9) | 0.2 | 8 | 14.1 (7.9) | 173.4 (98.1) |
| 10-Fruits | 215.5 (170.5) | 528.8 (425.4) | 6.1 | 89 | 242.7 (161.7) | 595.5 (405.0) |
| Citrus | 32.2 (54.2) | 51.0 (85.3) | 0.6 | 39 | 82.6 (58.2) | 131.0 (90.6) |
| Berries | 8.4 (18) | 11.5 (25.0) | 0.1 | 30 | 27.7 (23) | 37.7 (32.7) |
| Apples and pears | 61.0 (79.5) | 107.6 (138.1) | 1.2 | 54 | 113.6 (76) | 200.4 (130.0) |
| Bananas and other fruit | 94.1 (97.2) | 265.2 (257.6) | 3.1 | 74 | 127.7 (92.4) | 359.9 (236.5) |
| Dried fruit | 7.3 (20.1) | 67.2 (183) | 0.8 | 21 | 34.8 (31.2) | 320.6 (280.2) |
| Stewed fruit | 12.5 (33.5) | 26.3 (72.6) | 0.3 | 19 | 64.0 (49.5) | 135.2 (111.2) |
| 11-Nuts and seeds | 6.9 (15.2) | 172.0 (384.3) | 2.0 | 41 | 16.7 (20.0) | 417.9 (506.1) |
| Salted nuts and seeds | 2.6 (10.3) | 66.7 (263.1) | 0.8 | 11 | 23.7 (21.7) | 605.5 (549.3) |
| Unsalted nuts and seeds | 4.2 (11.0) | 105.2 (276.3) | 1.2 | 35 | 12.1 (15.9) | 299.1 (398.8) |
| 12-Sugar, preserves, cakes and confectionery, snacks | 100.0 (79.9) | 1468.5 (1121.6) | 16.9 | 94 | 106.5 (78.1) | 1564.5 (1090.9) |
| Added sugars and preserves | 9.1 (14.0) | 130.4 (219.0) | 1.5 | 54 | 16.9 (15.2) | 241.9 (249.0) |
| Chocolate confectionery | 9.6 (19.9) | 190.3 (393.7) | 2.2 | 40 | 24.2 (25.4) | 481.3 (501.9) |
| Other sweets | 2.7 (12.2) | 42.3 (193.3) | 0.5 | 13 | 20.3 (27.6) | 318.9 (439.7) |
| Savoury snacks | 9.4 (16.8) | 193.4 (346.6) | 2.2 | 36 | 26.0 (18.7) | 536.3 (386.4) |
| Biscuits | 12.5 (18.7) | 250.8 (376.4) | 2.9 | 48 | 25.9 (19.5) | 520.4 (392.0) |
| Milk-dairy desserts | 23.9 (46.3) | 197.0 (378.9) | 2.3 | 32 | 73.6 (54.2) | 606.7 (439.8) |
| Desserts and cakes and pastries | 31.7 (41.0) | 451.6 (598.1) | 5.2 | 59 | 53.7 (40.8) | 764.1 (605.4) |
| Soya-based desserts and yogurt | 0.7 (8.3) | 3.6 (42.1) | 0.0 | 1 | 64.4 (46.9) | 327.3 (238.3) |
| Nut-based spreads | 0.4 (2.0) | 9.1 (48.2) | 0.1 | 4 | 8.6 (4.6) | 205.8 (109.7) |
| 13-Sauces and condiments | 22.1 (27.7) | 149.2 (192.9) | 1.7 | 62 | 35.6 (27.4) | 240.4 (195.0) |
| Sauces (higher fat) | 13.1 (18.5) | 110.4 (169.1) | 1.3 | 49 | 26.5 (18.4) | 223.8 (180.5) |
| Sauces (lower fat) | 9.0 (19.2) | 38.8 (75.3) | 0.4 | 36 | 25.0 (24.9) | 107.1 (91.3) |
| 14-Non-alcoholic beverages | 1617.6 (521.7) | 372.9 (416.2) | 4.3 | 90 | 1617.9 (521.3) | 412.7 (418.7) |
| Fruit juice | 105.9 (144.3) | 159.7 (217.7) | 1.8 | 52 | 204.2 (141.8) | 308 (213.8) |
| Coffee, caffeinated | 240.9 (268) | 6.5 (9.5) | 0.1 | 48 | 354.2 (255.8) | 13.4 (9.7) |
| Coffee, decaffeinated | 55.4 (153.2) | 1.7 (5.2) | 0.0 | 15 | 297.3 (232.7) | 11.1 (8.6) |
| Tea | 425.4 (349.7) | 2.6 (14.2) | 0.0 | 6 | 557.1 (294.5) | 44.1 (40.4) |
| Tea, decaffeinated | 78.9 (187.1) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 | 24 | 323.2 (253.8) | 0.0 (0.0) |
| SSBs and other sugary drinks | 90.7 (182.8) | 120.3 (246.1) | 1.4 | 36 | 254.8 (228.2) | 338.2 (310.7) |
| Low/non sugar SSBs | 72.0 (197.8) | 1.3 (3.5) | 0.0 | 21 | 348.8 (304.9) | 6.1 (5.3) |
| Water/sparkling water | 513.7 (396.4) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 | 89 | 579.4 (373.1) | 0.0 (0.0) |
| Milk-based and powdered drinks | 34.9 (96.7) | 80.8 (224.6) | 0.9 | 22 | 161.8 (151) | 374.4 (351.7) |
| 15-Alcoholic beverages | 263.1 (433.6) | 602.2 (795.5) | 6.9 | 63 | 417.9 (483.7) | 956.5 (816.2) |
| White wine | 43.5 (109.6) | 150.0 (377.9) | 1.7 | 23 | 186 (157.7) | 641.3 (543.7) |
| Red wine | 64.5 (129.3) | 204.6 (410.1) | 2.4 | 33 | 196.7 (158.2) | 623.6 (501.3) |
| Fortified wine | 1.0 (7.0) | 5.4 (38.3) | 0.1 | 4 | 27.4 (25.2) | 149.5 (137.7) |
| Beer and Cider | 150.6 (400.9) | 207.2 (551.8) | 2.4 | 25 | 609.8 (608.9) | 839.3 (838.1) |
| Spirits | 3.5 (12.0) | 34.9 (119.6) | 0.4 | 15 | 23.4 (22.3) | 232.8 (222.0) |
Units for beverages are ml/day