Table 2.
Characteristics of population satisfying inclusion criteria by hypertension status in the NDNS RP 7–8.
Data from NDNS RP 7–8 (MRC Elsie Widdowson Laboratory and NatCen Social Research 2019) with exclusions as detailed in the text (N = 598)
| Variable | General hypertension | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Yes (N = 178) | No (N = 420) | p value* | |
| E-iAsing,rice (µg/person/day) | 2.17 (3.65) | 3.08 (5.11) | 0.015 |
| E-iAsing,water (µg/person/day) | 0.74 (0.70) | 1.02 (1.10) | <0.001 |
| E-iAsing,grain (µg/person/day) | 2.69 (1.32) | 2.89 (1.47) | 0.100 |
| Sex | |||
| Male | 80 (44.94) | 171 (40.71) | 0.365 |
| Female | 98 (55.06) | 249 (59.29) | |
| surveyyr | |||
| 2014/15 | 90 (50.56) | 203 (48.33) | 0.655 |
| 2015/16 | 88 (49.44) | 217 (51.67) | |
| HessCon | |||
| With any physical/mental health condition/illnesses for 12 months or more | 98 (55.06) | 119 (28.33) | < 0.001 |
| Without any physical/mental health condition/illnesses for 12 months or more | 80 (44.94) | 301 (71.67) | |
| Diabetes.combined | |||
| Without diabetes | 149 (83.71) | 402 (95.71) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetic | 29 (16.29) | 18 (4.29) | |
| NumChild | |||
| Have no child | 152 (85.39) | 259 (61.67) | < 0.001 |
| Have 1–2 child | 23 (12.92) | 143 (34.05) | |
| Have 3–4 child | 3 (1.69) | 18 (4.29) | |
| Age | |||
| 16–34 years | 4 (2.25) | 151 (35.95) | < 0.001 |
| 35–49 years | 32 (17.98) | 130 (30.95) | |
| 50–64 years | 71 (39.89) | 91 (21.67) | |
| 65 + year | 71 (39.89) | 48 (11.43) | |
| Quarter | |||
| Season 1 | 29 (16.29) | 98 (23.33) | 0.217 |
| Season 2 | 45 (25.28) | 106 (25.24) | |
| Season 3 | 52 (29.21) | 101 (24.05) | |
| Season 4 | 52 (29.21) | 115 (27.38) | |
| WrkStat | |||
| In full- or part-time employment | 75 (42.13) | 259 (61.67) | < 0.001 |
| Full-time student or not working | 103 (57.87) | 161 (38.33) | |
| ethgrp5 | |||
| White | 167 (93.82) | 383 (91.19) | 0.641 |
| Mixed | 1 (0.56) | 7 (1.67) | |
| Black or Black British | 2 (1.12) | 12 (2.86) | |
| Asian or Asian British | 6 (3.37) | 14 (3.33) | |
| Any other groups | 2 (1.12) | 4 (0.95) | |
| eqv3 (£) | |||
| Lowest tertile (≤ 17,500) | 53 (29.78) | 94 (22.38) | 0.162 |
| Middle tertile (> 17,500 and ≤ 32,216) | 53 (29.78) | 135 (32.14) | |
| Highest tertile (> 32,500) | 72 (40.45) | 191 (45.48) | |
| cigsta3 | |||
| Current cigarette smoker | 19 (10.67) | 66 (15.71) | < 0.001 |
| Ex-regular cigarette smoker | 62 (34.83) | 80 (19.05) | |
| Never regular cigarette smoker | 97 (54.49) | 274 (65.24) | |
| dnoft | |||
| 5–7 days per week | 27 (15.17) | 32 (7.62) | 0.123 |
| 3–4 days per week | 24 (13.48) | 48 (11.43) | |
| 1–2 days per week | 44 (24.72) | 125 (29.76) | |
| 1–2 per month | 27 (15.17) | 71 (16.90) | |
| Once every couples of months | 14 (7.87) | 47 (11.19) | |
| 1–2 per year | 18 (10.11) | 45 (10.71) | |
| Not at all in the last 12 months/non-drinker | 24 (13.48) | 52 (12.38) | |
| bmival (kg/m2) | |||
| Underweight: BMI < 18.5 | 0 (0.00) | 14 (3.33) | < 0.001 |
| Normal (healthy weight): BMI between 18.5 and 25 | 37 (20.79) | 172 (40.95) | |
| Overweight: BMI between 25 and 30 | 74 (41.57) | 153 (36.43) | |
| Obese: BMI over 30 | 67 (37.64) | 81 (19.29) | |
| whgval | |||
| For male: less than 0.9; For female: less than 0.80 | 28 (15.73) | 207 (49.29) | < 0.001 |
| For male: more than and including 0.90, up to and including 1.00; for female: more than and including 0.80, up to and including 0.85 | 54 (30.34) | 113 (26.90) | |
| For male: more than 1.00; for female: more than 0.85 | 96 (53.93) | 100 (23.81) | |
| MN | |||
| Participants with 0–3 nutrients greater than or equal to the mean intake level | 34 (19.10) | 100 (23.81) | 0.736 |
| Participants with 4–7 nutrients greater than or equal to the mean intake level | 36 (20.22) | 81 (19.29) | |
| Participants with 8–11 nutrients greater than or equal to the mean intake level | 42 (23.60) | 101 (24.05) | |
| Participants with 12–15 nutrients greater than or equal to the mean intake level | 40 (22.47) | 84 (20.00) | |
| Participants with 16–18 nutrients greater than or equal to the mean intake level | 26 (14.61) | 54 (12.86) | |
| EnergyDkJ (KJ) | |||
| Q1: 189.46–1294.86 | 27 (15.17) | 52 (12.38) | 0.673 |
| Q2: 1295.07–1627.87 | 33 (18.54) | 86 (20.48) | |
| Q3: 1628.14–2037.01 | 52 (29.21) | 113 (26.90) | |
| Q4: 2037.83–4771.28 | 66 (37.08) | 169 (40.24) | |
| ProteingD (g) | |||
| Q1: 1.17–11.90 | 21 (11.80) | 43 (10.24) | 0.338 |
| Q2: 11.91–15.42 | 31 (17.42) | 91 (21.67) | |
| Q3: 15.43–19.31 | 56 (31.46) | 107 (25.48) | |
| Q4: 19.33–69.00 | 70 (39.33) | 179 (42.62) | |
| FatgD (g) | |||
| Q1: 0.12–10.64 | 34 (19.10) | 59 (14.05) | 0.466 |
| Q2: 10.65–14.21 | 31 (17.42) | 83 (19.76) | |
| Q3: 14.23–18.71 | 46 (25.84) | 110 (26.19) | |
| Q4: 18.74–59.89 | 67 (37.64) | 168 (40.00) | |
| GlucosegD (g) | |||
| Q1: 0.06–2.19 | 41 (23.03) | 75 (17.86) | 0.543 |
| Q2: 2.20–3.34 | 34 (19.10) | 88 (20.95) | |
| Q3: 3.35–4.88 | 45 (25.28) | 115 (27.38) | |
| Q4: 4.89–30.28 | 58 (32.58) | 142 (33.81) | |
| SodiummgD (mg) | |||
| Q1: 22.97–327.89 | 29 (16.29) | 62 (14.76) | 0.617 |
| Q2: 327.91–430.23 | 33 (18.54) | 86 (20.48) | |
| Q3: 430.26–561.96 | 56 (31.46) | 114 (27.14) | |
| Q4: 562.28–2306.84 | 60 (33.71) | 158 (37.62) | |
| FolateugplussuppsD (µg) | |||
| Q1: 5.69–35.36 | 20 (11.24) | 54 (12.86) | 0.614 |
| Q2: 36.38–47.85 | 30 (16.85) | 87 (20.71) | |
| Q3: 47.87–65.81 | 52 (29.21) | 109 (25.95) | |
| Q4: 65.86–1426.32 | 76 (42.70) | 170 (40.48) | |
| qual7 | |||
| Degree or equivalent | 47 (26.4) | 148 (35.24) | 0.084 |
| Higher education, below degree level; GCE, a level or equivalent | 35 (19.66) | 85 (20.24) | |
| GCSE grades A–G or equivalent/commercial qualifications/apprenticeship | 33 (18.54) | 77 (18.33) | |
| Foreign or other qualifications; no qualifications; still in FT education | 63 (35.39) | 110 (26.19) | |
| Region | |||
| England Central/Midlands | 27 (15.17) | 55 (13.1) | 0.395 |
| England North | 40 (22.47) | 99 (23.57) | |
| England South (including London) | 58 (32.58) | 162 (38.57) | |
| Northern Ireland and Scotland | 12 (6.74) | 32 (7.62) | |
| Wales | 41 (23.03) | 72 (17.14) | |
| SalHowC | |||
| Never | 85 (47.75) | 209 (49.76) | 0.867 |
| Sometimes and usually | 43 (24.16) | 101 (24.05) | |
| Always | 50 (28.09) | 110 (26.19) | |
The results were reported as means (standard deviations (SD)) for continuous variables (E-iAsing,rice, E-iAsing,water and E-iAsing,grain) or as frequencies (percentages (%)) for categorical ones (surveyyr, Quarter, Sex, age, ethgrp5, qual7, cigsta3 and eqv3, dnoft, HessCon, NumChild, Diabetes.combined, WrkStat, MN, EnergyDkJ, ProteingD, FatgD, GlucosegD, SodiummgD, FolateugplussuppsD, bmival, region, SalHowC and whgval)
Differences were computed by hypertension status via χ2 tests and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests
General hypertension: whether participants were diagnosed as general hypertension; E-iAsing,rice: daily inorganic arsenic (iAs) intake from rice and rice products; E-iAsing,water: daily iAs intake from drinking water; E-iAsing,grain: daily iAs intake from grain and grain-based products; surveyyr: NDNS RP 7–8 survey year; Sex: gender; EnergyDkJ: intake of total energy per day (KJ) for diet only; ProteingD: intake of protein per day (g) for diet only; FatgD: intake of fat per day (g) for diet only; GlucosegD: intake of glucose per day (g) for diet only; SodiummgD: intake of sodium per day (mg) for diet only; FolateugplussuppsD: intake of folate (µg) per day for both diets and supplements; MN: daily intake of several micro-nutrients (Potassium (mg) including supplements, calcium (mg) including supplements, magnesium (mg) including supplements, iron (mg) including supplements, copper (mg) including supplements, zinc (mg) including supplements, retinol (mg) including supplements, vitamin A (retinol equivalents) (µg) including supplements, vitamin D (µg) including supplements, vitamin E (mg) including supplements, thiamin (mg) including supplements, riboflavin (mg) including supplements, niacin equivalent (mg) including supplements, vitamin B6 (mg) including supplements, vitamin B12 (µg) including supplements, vitamin C (mg) including supplements, iodine (µg) including supplements, selenium (µg) including supplements); region: country people live; NumChild: number of children aged between 0 and 15; age: age of respondent 16 + year old; SalHowC: how often salt added during cooking; Quarter: fieldwork quarter; qual7: qualifications gained; WrkStat: economic status (working condition); ethgrp5: ethnic group; eqv3: equivalized household income; HessCon: whether have any physical/mental health condition/illnesses for 12 months or more; Diabetes.combined: whether respondent is diabetic; cigsta3: cigarette smoking status; dnoft: frequency of alcohol consumption in past 12 months (including non-drinkers); bmival: BMI (kg/m2); whgval: waist-hip ratio groups
*Indicating whether there is statistically significant relationship between characteristics of population and status of general hypertension