Table 3.
Characteristics of population satisfying inclusion criteria by the distribution of E-iAsing,rice in the NDNS RP 7–8.
Data from NDNS RP 7–8 (MRC Elsie Widdowson Laboratory and NatCen Social Research 2019) with exclusions as detailed in the text (N = 598)
| Characteristic | Quartile of E-iAsing,rice, µg/person/day | p value for trend | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quartile 1 (0.00–0.00) N = 150 |
Quartile 2 (0.00–0.565) N = 149 |
p value* | Quartile 3 (0.638–3.79) N = 149 |
p value* | Quartile 4 (3.79–41.8) N = 150 |
p value* | ||
| E-iAsing,grain (µg/person/day) | 2.98 (1.42) | 2.90 (1.48) | 0.966 | 2.69 (1.38) | 0.304 | 2.77 (1.43) | 0.572 | 0.235 |
| E-iAsing,water (µg/person/day) | 0.72 (0.76) | 0.72 (0.70) | 0.871 | 1.11 (1.22) | 0.004 | 1.21 (1.15) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Female | 86 (57.33) | 93 (62.42) | 0.436 | 93 (62.42) | 0.436 | 75 (50.00) | 0.247 | 0.006 |
| Male | 64 (42.67) | 56 (37.58) | 56 (37.58) | 75 (50.00) | ||||
| surveyyr | ||||||||
| 2014/15 | 132 (88.00) | 10 (6.71) | < 0.001 | 75 (50.34) | < 0.001 | 76 (50.67) | < 0.001 | 0.969 |
| 2015/16 | 18 (12.00) | 139 (93.29) | 74 (49.66) | 74 (49.33) | ||||
| HessCon | ||||||||
| Without any physical/mental health condition/illnesses for 12 months or more | 84 (56.00) | 100 (67.11) | 0.063 | 102 (68.46) | 0.036 | 95 (63.33) | 0.290 | 0.461 |
| With any physical/mental health condition/illnesses for 12 months or more | 66 (44.00) | 49 (32.89) | 47 (31.54) | 55 (36.67) | ||||
| Diabetes combined | ||||||||
| Without diabetes | 139 (92.67) | 139 (93.29) | 0.733 | 135 (90.60) | 0.663 | 138 (92.00) | 0.819 | 0.576 |
| Diabetic | 11 (7.33) | 10 (6.71) | 14 (9.40) | 12 (8.00) | ||||
| NumChild | ||||||||
| Have no child | 113 (75.33) | 100 (67.11) | 0.044 | 97 (65.10) | 0.154 | 101 (67.33) | 0.291 | 0.900 |
| Have 1–2 child | 31 (20.67) | 47 (31.54) | 45 (30.20) | 43 (28.67) | ||||
| Have 3–4 child | 6 (4.00) | 2 (1.34) | 7 (4.70) | 6 (4.00) | ||||
| Age | ||||||||
| 16–34 | 32 (21.33) | 35 (23.49) | 0.354 | 45 (30.20) | 0.032 | 43 (28.67) | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| 35–49 | 30 (20.00) | 41 (27.52) | 41 (27.52) | 50 (33.33) | ||||
| 50–64 | 48 (32.00) | 39 (26.17) | 39 (26.17) | 36 (24.00) | ||||
| 65+ | 40 (26.67) | 34 (22.82) | 24 (16.11) | 21 (14.00) | ||||
| Quarter | ||||||||
| Season 1 | 30 (20.00) | 32 (21.48) | 0.695 | 28 (18.79) | 0.543 | 37 (24.67) | 0.788 | 0.992 |
| Season 2 | 39 (26.00) | 43 (28.86) | 30 (20.13) | 39 (26.00) | ||||
| Season 3 | 40 (26.67) | 36 (24.16) | 41 (27.52) | 36 (24.00) | ||||
| Season 4 | 41 (27.33) | 38 (25.50) | 50 (33.56) | 38 (25.33) | ||||
| WrkStat | ||||||||
| In full- or part-time employment | 77 (51.33) | 79 (53.02) | 0.860 | 87 (58.39) | 0.267 | 91 (60.67) | 0.131 | 0.053 |
| Full-time student or not working | 73 (48.67) | 70 (46.98) | 62 (41.61) | 59 (39.33) | ||||
| ethgrp5 | ||||||||
| Any other group | 1 (0.67) | 2 (1.34) | 0.548 | 0 (0.00) | 0.232 | 3 (2.00) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Asian or Asian British | 3 (2.00) | 3 (2.01) | 0 (0.00) | 14 (9.33) | ||||
| Black or Black British | 1 (0.67) | 2 (1.34) | 1 (0.67) | 10 (6.67) | ||||
| Mixed ethnic group | 0 (0.00) | 3 (2.01) | 1 (0.67) | 4 (2.67) | ||||
| White | 145 (96.67) | 139 (93.29) | 147 (98.66) | 119 (79.33) | ||||
| eqv3 (£) | ||||||||
| Lowest tertile (≤ 17,500) | 40 (26.67) | 38 (25.50) | 0.873 | 32 (21.48) | 0.023 | 37 (24.67) | 0.641 | 0.787 |
| Middle tertile (> 17,500 and ≤ 32,216) | 53 (35.33) | 50 (33.56) | 37 (24.83) | 48 (32.00) | ||||
| Highest tertile (> 32,500) | 57 (38.00) | 61 (40.94) | 80 (53.69) | 65 (43.33) | ||||
| cigsta3 | ||||||||
| Current cigarette smoker | 23 (15.33) | 20 (13.42) | 0.892 | 23 (15.44) | 0.475 | 19 (12.67) | 0.297 | 0.182 |
| Ex-regular cigarette smoker | 40 (26.67) | 40 (26.85) | 31 (20.81) | 31 (20.67) | ||||
| Never regular cigarette smoker | 87 (58.00) | 89 (59.73) | 95 (63.76) | 100 (66.67) | ||||
| dnoft | ||||||||
| Not at all in the last 12 months/non-drinker | 24 (16.00) | 14 (9.40) | 0.211 | 21 (14.09) | 0.599 | 17 (11.33) | 0.225 | 0.749 |
| 1–2 per year | 19 (12.67) | 20 (13.42) | 11 (7.38) | 13 (8.67) | ||||
| 1–2 per month | 13 (8.67) | 21 (14.09) | 12 (8.05) | 15 (10.00) | ||||
| Once every couples of months | 20 (13.33) | 26 (17.45) | 27 (18.12) | 25 (16.67) | ||||
| 1–2 days per week | 43 (28.67) | 33 (22.15) | 42 (28.19) | 51 (34.00) | ||||
| 3–4 days per week | 13 (8.67) | 20 (13.42) | 19 (12.75) | 20 (13.33) | ||||
| 5–7 days per week | 18 (12.00) | 15 (10.07) | 17 (11.41) | 9 (6.00) | ||||
| bmival (kg/m2) | ||||||||
| Underweight: under 18.5 | 6 (4.00) | 4 (2.68) | 0.117 | 2 (1.34) | 0.214 | 2 (1.33) | 0.179 | 0.872 |
| Normal (healthy weight): 18.5 and below 25 | 42 (28.00) | 59 (39.60) | 52 (34.90) | 56 (37.33) | ||||
| Overweight: 25 and below 30 | 60 (40.00) | 54 (36.24) | 63 (42.28) | 50 (33.33) | ||||
| Obese: over 30 | 42 (28.00) | 32 (21.48) | 32 (21.48) | 42 (28.00) | ||||
| whgval | ||||||||
| For male: less than 0.9; For female: less than 0.80 | 50 (33.33) | 61 (40.94) | 0.354 | 59 (39.60) | 0.123 | 65 (43.33) | 0.204 | 0.321 |
| For male: more than and including 0.90, up to and including 1.00; For female: more than and including 0.80, up to and including 0.85 | 42 (28.00) | 40 (26.85) | 49 (32.89) | 36 (24.00) | ||||
| For male: more than 1.00; for female: more than 0.85 | 58 (38.67) | 48 (32.21) | 41 (27.52) | 49 (32.67) | ||||
| MN | ||||||||
| Participants with 0–3 nutrients greater than or equal to the mean intake level | 38 (25.33) | 34 (22.82) | 0.678 | 36 (24.16) | 0.881 | 26 (17.33) | 0.329 | 0.007 |
| Participants with 4–7 nutrient 4 greater than or equal to the mean intake level | 25 (16.67) | 32 (21.48) | 30 (20.13) | 30 (20.00) | ||||
| Participants with 8–11 nutrients greater than or equal to the mean intake level | 36 (24.00) | 41 (27.52) | 33 (22.15) | 33 (22.00) | ||||
| Participants with 12–15 nutrients greater than or equal to the mean intake level | 29 (19.33) | 23 (15.44) | 32 (21.48) | 40 (26.67) | ||||
| Participants with 16–18 nutrients greater than or equal to the mean intake level | 22 (14.67) | 19 (12.75) | 18 (12.08) | 21 (14.00) | ||||
| EnergyDkJ (KJ) | ||||||||
| Q1: 189.46–1294.86 | 28 (18.67) | 18 (12.08) | 0.221 | 21 (14.09) | 0.432 | 12 (8.00) | 0.012 | 0.013 |
| Q2: 1295.07–1627.87 | 33 (22.00) | 32 (21.48) | 30 (20.13) | 24 (16.00) | ||||
| Q3: 1628.14–2037.01 | 33 (22.00) | 46 (30.87) | 44 (29.53) | 42 (28.00) | ||||
| Q4: 2037.83–4771.28 | 56 (37.33) | 53 (35.57) | 54 (36.24) | 72 (48.00) | ||||
| ProteingD (g) | ||||||||
| Q1: 1.17–11.90 | 17 (11.33) | 20 (13.42) | 0.439 | 17 (11.41) | 0.933 | 10 (6.67) | 0.044 | 0.045 |
| Q2: 11.91–15.42 | 38 (25.33) | 27 (18.12) | 34 (22.82) | 23 (15.33) | ||||
| Q3: 15.43–19.31 | 37 (24.67) | 44 (29.53) | 41 (27.52) | 41 (27.33) | ||||
| Q4: 19.33–69.00 | 58 (38.67) | 58 (38.93) | 57 (38.26) | 76 (50.67) | ||||
| FatgD (g) | ||||||||
| Q1: 0.12–10.64 | 22 (14.67) | 19 (12.75) | 0.034 | 29 (19.46) | 0.591 | 23 (15.33) | 0.127 | 0.592 |
| Q2: 10.65–14.21 | 36 (24.00) | 21 (14.09) | 36 (24.16) | 21 (14.00) | ||||
| Q3: 14.23–18.71 | 31 (20.67) | 50 (33.56) | 33 (22.15) | 42 (28.00) | ||||
| Q4: 18.74–59.89 | 61 (40.67) | 59 (39.60) | 51 (34.23) | 64 (42.67) | ||||
| GlucosegD (g) | ||||||||
| Q1: 0.06–2.19 | 34 (22.67) | 34 (22.82) | 0.986 | 26 (17.45) | 0.452 | 22 (14.67) | 0.302 | 0.269 |
| Q2: 2.20–3.34 | 29 (19.33) | 29 (19.46) | 31 (20.81) | 33 (22.00) | ||||
| Q3: 3.35–4.88 | 35 (23.33) | 37 (24.83) | 45 (30.20) | 43 (28.67) | ||||
| Q4: 4.89–30.28 | 52 (34.67) | 49 (32.89) | 47 (31.54) | 52 (34.67) | ||||
| SodiummgD (mg) | ||||||||
| Q1: 22.97–327.89 | 24 (16.00) | 22 (14.77) | 0.503 | 23 (15.44) | 0.737 | 22 (14.67) | 0.216 | 0.317 |
| Q2: 327.91–430.23 | 36 (24.00) | 27 (18.12) | 29 (19.46) | 27 (18.00) | ||||
| Q3: 430.26–561.96 | 44 (29.33) | 44 (29.53) | 44 (29.53) | 38 (25.33) | ||||
| Q4: 562.28–2306.84 | 46 (30.67) | 56 (37.58) | 53 (35.57) | 63 (42.00) | ||||
| FolateugplussuppsD (µg) | ||||||||
| Q1: 5.69–35.36 | 17 (11.33) | 20 (13.42) | 0.770 | 22 (14.77) | 0.444 | 15 (10.00) | 0.049 | 0.313 |
| Q2: 36.38–47.85 | 32 (21.33) | 36 (24.16) | 23 (15.44) | 26 (17.33) | ||||
| Q3: 47.87–65.81 | 33 (22.00) | 34 (22.82) | 39 (26.17) | 55 (36.67) | ||||
| Q4: 65.86–1426.32 | 68 (45.33) | 59 (39.60) | 65 (43.62) | 54 (36.00) | ||||
| qual7 | ||||||||
| Foreign or other qualifications; No qualifications; Still in FT education | 48 (32.00) | 47 (31.54) | 0.701 | 42 (28.19) | 0.901 | 36 (24.00) | 0.266 | 0.025 |
| GCSE grades A–G or equivalent/commercial qualifications/apprenticeship | 27 (18.00) | 33 (22.15) | 28 (18.79) | 22 (14.67) | ||||
| Higher education, below degree level; GCE, A level or equivalent | 28 (18.67) | 30 (20.13) | 28 (18.79) | 34 (22.67) | ||||
| Degree or equivalent | 47 (31.33) | 39 (26.17) | 51 (34.23) | 58 (38.67) | ||||
| Region | ||||||||
| England Central/Midlands | 25 (16.67) | 21 (14.09) | 0.618 | 16 (10.74) | 0.099 | 20 (13.33) | 0.442 | 0.155 |
| England North | 40 (26.67) | 36 (24.16) | 27 (18.12) | 36 (24.00) | ||||
| England South (including London) | 46 (30.67) | 56 (37.58) | 59 (39.60) | 59 (39.33) | ||||
| Northern Ireland and Scotland | 8 (5.33) | 11 (7.38) | 14 (9.40) | 11 (7.33) | ||||
| Wales | 31 (20.67) | 25 (16.78) | 33 (22.15) | 24 (16.00) | ||||
| SalHowC | ||||||||
| Never | 76 (50.67) | 68 (45.64) | 0.230 | 86 (57.72) | 0.431 | 64 (42.67) | 0.381 | 0.088 |
| Sometimes and usually | 38 (25.33) | 32 (21.48) | 30 (20.13) | 44 (29.33) | ||||
| Always | 36 (24.00) | 49 (32.89) | 33 (22.15) | 42 (28.00) | ||||
The results were reported as means (standard deviations (SD)) for continuous variables (E-iAsing,water and E-iAsing,grain) or as frequencies (percentages (%)) for categorical ones (surveyyr, quarter, sex, age, ethgrp5, qual7, cigsta3 and eqv3, dnoft, HessCon, NumChild, Diabetes.combined, WrkStat, MN, EnergyDkJ, ProteingD, FatgD, GlucosegD, SodiummgD, FolateugplussuppsD, bmival, region, SalHowC and whgval)
Differences across quartiles were computed by exposure categories via χ2 tests or Wilcoxon rank-sum tests with Tukey post hoc test. p values for trend were obtained from analysis of variance (ANOVA) test with type II error where the characteristic factors were treated as continuous variables, indicating whether or not there is a statistically significant relationship between those characteristics of the population and iAs intake
E-iAsing,rice: daily inorganic arsenic (iAs) intake from rice and rice products; E-iAsing,water: daily iAs intake from drinking water; E-iAsing,grain: daily iAs intake from grain and grain-based products; surveyyr: NDNS RP 7–8 Survey year; Sex: gender; EnergyDkJ: intake of total energy per day (KJ) for diet only; ProteingD: intake of protein per day (g) for diet only; FatgD: intake of fat per day (g) for diet only; GlucosegD: intake of glucose per day (g) for diet only; SodiummgD: intake of sodium per day (mg) for diet only; FolateugplussuppsD: intake of folate (µg) per day for both diets and supplements; MN: daily intake of several micro-nutrients (potassium (mg) including supplements, calcium (mg) including supplements, magnesium (mg) including supplements, iron (mg) including supplements, copper (mg) including supplements, zinc (mg) including supplements, retinol (mg) including supplements, vitamin A (retinol equivalents) (µg) including supplements, vitamin D (µg) including supplements, vitamin E (mg) including supplements, thiamin (mg) including supplements, riboflavin (mg) including supplements, niacin equivalent (mg) including supplements, vitamin B6 (mg) including supplements, vitamin B12 (µg) including supplements, vitamin C (mg) including supplements, iodine (µg) including supplements, selenium (µg) including supplements); region: country people live; NumChild: number of children aged between 0 and 15; age: age of respondent 16 + ; SalHowC: how often salt added during cooking; Quarter: fieldwork quarter; qual7: qualifications gained; WrkStat: Economic status (working condition); ethgrp5: ethnic group; eqv3: equivalized household income; HessCon: whether have any physical/mental health condition/illnesses for 12 months or more; Diabetes.combined: whether respondent is diabetic; cigsta3: cigarette smoking status; dnoft: frequency of alcohol consumption in past 12 months (including non-drinkers); bmival: BMI (kg/m2); whgval: waist-hip ratio groups
*Compared with Quartile 1 (referent group) (0.00–0.00 µg/person/day)