Table 3.
Blood-based biomarkers for AD diagnosis and discrimination.
| Study | Cohorts | Biomarkers | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
| Karikari [41] | TRIAD and BioFINDER-2 | Plasma p-tau181, Serum p-tau181 | Diagnosis of AD (serum AUC = 95.91%, plasma AUC = 90.06%) |
| TRIAD | Plasma p-tau181 | Distinguishes AD from Aβ-negative young adults (AUC = 99.4%) | |
| BioFINDER-2 | Plasma p-tau181 | Distinguishes AD from vascular dementia (AUC = 92.13%) | |
| TRIAD and BioFINDER-2 | Plasma p-tau181 | Distinguishes AD from other neurodegenerative disorders (AUC = 82.76%–100%) | |
| BioFINDER-2 | Plasma p-tau181 | Distinguishes AD from PSP or CBS (AUC = 88·47%) | |
| TRIAD and BioFINDER-2 | Plasma p-tau181 | Distinguishes AD from CU older adults (AUC = 90.21%–98.24%) | |
| BioFINDER-2 | Plasma p-tau181 | Distinguishes AD from PD or MSA (AUC = 81·90%) | |
| Jia [42] | 28AD/25aMCI/29 healthy controls | Plasma Aβ42 | Distinguishes AD from healthy older adults (AUC = 93%) |
| Plasma Aβ43 | Distinguishes AD from aMCI (AUC = 83%) | ||
| Plasma Aβ44 | Distinguishes aMCI from healthy older adults (AUC = 74%) | ||
| Plasma T-tau | Distinguishes AD from healthy older adults (AUC = 89%) | ||
| Plasma T-tau | Distinguishes AD from aMCI (AUC = 72%) | ||
| Plasma T-tau | Distinguishes aMCI from healthy older adults (AUC = 79%) | ||
| Plasma p-T181-tau | Distinguishes AD from healthy older adults (AUC = 88%) | ||
| Plasma p-T181-tau | Distinguishes AD from aMCI (AUC = 76%) | ||
| Plasma p-T181-tau | Distinguishes aMCI from healthy older adults (AUC = 73%) | ||
| Fotuhi [43] | 45 AD/36 healthy controls | Plasma BACE1-AS | Distinguishes full-AD from healthy older adults (AUC = 98%) |
| Plasma BACE1-AS | Distinguishes pre-AD from healthy older adults (AUC = 89%) | ||
| Plasma BACE1-AS | Distinguishes full-AD/pre-AD from healthy older adults (AUC = 99%) | ||
| Nakamura [44] | JNCGG:121 and AIBL:252 | Plasma APP699-711/Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-40/Aβ1-42 | Distinguishes brain Aβ positive or negative (AUC = 96.7% for JNCGG, AUC = 94.1% for AIBL) |
AUC, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve; TRIAD, 27 young adults, 113 cognitively unimpaired older adults, 45 MCI, 33 AD, 8 FTD; BioFINDER-2, 337 cognitively unimpaired older adults, 191 MCI, 126 AD, 18 Behavioural variant FTD or PPA, 36 PD or MSA, 12 Vascular dementia, 21 PSP or CBS; CU, cognitively unimpaired; MCI, mild cognitive impairment. FTD, frontotemporal dementia; PPA, primary progressive aphasia; PD, Parkinson’s disease; MSA, multiple systems atrophy; PSP, progressive supranuclear palsy; CBS, corticobasal syndrome; BACE1-AS, beta-amyloid cleaving enzyme 1 antisense; aMCI, amnestic mild cognitive impairment; pre-AD (MMSE ≥20), full-AD (MMSE <20); JNCGG, Japanese National Centre for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 62CU/30MCI/29AD; AIBL, Australian Imaging, Biomarker and Lifestyle Study of Ageing, 156CU/67MCI/29AD; PIB-PET, 11C-labelled Pittsburgh compound-B positron-emission tomography.