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. 2021 Apr 13;37(7):934–946. doi: 10.1007/s12264-021-00674-z

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Optogenetic activation of LHA glutamatergic neurons reduces the depth of isoflurane anesthesia. A Schematic of excitatory optogenetic virus (ChR2) injection into the LHA in Vglut2-Cre mice. B Left, histological images of fiber location in the unilateral LHA; right, immunofluorescent staining showing the specificity of virus expression. C Ex vivo electrophysiology of ChR2 virus action in LHA glutamatergic neurons. D, E Representative EEG traces (above) and corresponding power spectra (below) before, during, and after 1 min optical activation under 1.0% isoflurane anesthesia in the ChR2 group (D) and the Control group (E). F Statistics of the change of BSR before and during optical stimulation. G, H Changes of EEG traces (above) and corresponding power spectra (below) in the ChR2 group (G) and the Control group (H) under 0.8% isoflurane anesthesia. I Comparison of the spectral power percentage for 1 min before and after optical activation in the two groups. Data are shown as the mean ± standard deviation, n = 5 per group; *P <0.05, **P <0.01, ****P <0.0001 vs control group; BSR, burst-suppression ratio; f, fornix; LHA, lateral hypothalamic area; DMH, dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus; VMH, ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus; 3V, third ventricle.