Table 1.
The determinants of return envelopes.
| (I) | (II) | (III) | (IV) | (V) | (VI) | (VII) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High SES | 0.43*** (0.04) | 0.38***(0.07) | 0.31*** (0.07) | 0.28*** (0.07) | 0.22* (0.13) | 0.28*** (0.09) | 0.28***(0.08) |
| Cash | −0.20** (0.09) | −0.20**(0.09) | −0.21** (0.08) | −0.24** (0.1) | −0.20** (0.09) | −0.19** (0.09) | |
| Cash × High SES | 0.11 (0.09) | 0.11 (0.1) | 0.13 (0.09) | 0.01 (0.23) | 0.13 (0.1) | 0.12 (0.1) | |
| Week | −0.08** (0.03) | −0.09*** (0.03) | −0.09** (0.03) | −0.08** (0.03) | −0.07** (0.03) | ||
| Week × High SES | 0.08** (0.04) | 0.09** (0.04) | 0.08 (0.1) | 0.08* (0.04) | 0.08** (0.04) | ||
| Distance recipient’s house | −0.01 (0.01) | −0.02* (0.01) | −0.01 (0.05) | −0.02 (0.01) | −0.01 (0.01) | ||
| Distance mailbox | −0.14** (0.05) | −0.15*** (0.05) | 0.06 (0.17) | −0.28* (0.16) | −0.12 (0.08) | ||
| Gini | 0.20 (0.63) | ||||||
| Relative income | 0.07** (0.03) | ||||||
| Constant | 0.38*** (0.03) | 0.48*** (0.06) | 0.64*** (0.08) | 0.69*** (0.07) | 0.59*** (0.20) | 0.64*** (0.19) | 0.54*** (0.09) |
| N | 360 | 360 | 360 | 333 | 143 | 318 | 341 |
| Sample restrictions | None | None | None | Dutch HH | 1 Person HH | None | None |
| R2 | 0.19 | 0.22 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.13 | 0.24 | 0.26 |
Estimates are from a linear probability model. The dependent variable takes the value of 1 when an envelope is returned and 0 otherwise. High SES and Cash are dummy variables indicating whether an observation is associated with a high SES household or the Cash treatment, respectively. Week measures the number of weeks since the last payday. Distance Recipient’s House and Distance mailbox are the driving distance in km from the household where the envelope was misdelivered to the intended recipient’s home and to the nearest mailbox, respectively. Gini is the Gini coefficient of the neighborhood of the subject’s household. Relative Income is calculated as the household income per member, divided by the average household income per member in the district. Standard errors are shown in parentheses (clustered at the street level). The results are virtually identical when we use a Probit specification. Reported results are from two-tailed tests.
***,**,* indicate significance at the 0.01, 0.05, and 0.10 levels, respectively.