Optical stimulation of BLA astrocytic Rac1 inhibits neuronal activation induced by memory retrieval. A Diagram of the experiment timeline. Mice were placed in the behavior room, underwent contextual retrieval or not, and then were perfused 90 min later. B Representative images of c-Fos+ neurons in the BLA of mice with and without retrieval (scale bars, 100 μm). C Quantitative analysis showing that contextual retrieval significantly increases c-Fos expression in the BLA (Home cage: n = 6, Retrieval: n = 6; ***P < 0.001, Home cage vs Retrieval, t-test). D Diagram of the experiment timeline. Three weeks after virus injection, the mice underwent 5 trials of CS-US paired conditioning on day 0. After contextual retrieval with or without laser stimulation; 90 min later, the mice were perfused. E Representative images of c-Fos+ neurons in the BLA of mice in the Rac1-C450A, Rac1-PA, and Rac1-DN/PA groups (scale bars, 100 μm). F Quantitative analysis showing that laser stimulation of Rac1-PA and Rac1-DN/PA during memory retrieval decreases c-Fos expression in the BLA (Rac1-C450A: n = 7, Rac1-PA: n = 7, Rac1-DN/PA: n = 6; ***P < 0.001, C450A vs PA, C450A vs DN/PA, one-way ANOVA).