Table 1.

Adverse effects of FO on organ function.

Organ system	Potential complications	Examples of evidence
Brain	•Cognitive impairment •Delirium •Increased ICP/decreased CPP	•Mechanically ventilated patients with FO have longer periods of delirium/coma after extubation (20) •Cortical necrosis observed in a dog with FO (21)
Gastrointestinal tract	•Ileus •Increased permeability to bacterial translocation •Impaired liver function •Increased intra-abdominal pressure/!!breakcompartment syndrome	•Prolonged ileus is associated with FO in humans (22) •Higher wound infection rates associated with FO (23) •Strong association between resuscitation fluid and compartment syndrome (24)
Heart	•Myocardial edema •Arrhythmia •Impaired systolic and diastolic function	•Elevated troponin and pressor requirements associated with fluid resuscitation (25)
Kidneys	•Increased interstitial pressure •Decreased RBF/GFR •AKI	•Association of FO with AKI (26)
Lungs	•Pulmonary edema •Pleural effusion	•Improved lung function in patients treated with conservative fluid therapy (27)
Skin/muscle	•Edema •Weakness	•Delayed healing of abdominal wound closure (28)