Table 1.
Characteristics of study participants at Y15 by BMI status at Y15
| Normal weight at Y15 (BMI <25 kg/m2, N = 345) | Overweight at Y15 (BMI 25–30 kg/m2, N = 394) | With obesity at Y15 (BMI ≥30 kg/m2, N = 318) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD) | 40.2 (3.4) | 40.6 (3.4) | 40.2 (3.6) | 0.307 |
| Sex, n (%) | ||||
| Male | 141 (40.9) | 243 (61.7) | 150 (47.2) | <0.001 |
| Female | 204 (59.1) | 151 (38.3) | 168 (52.8) | |
| Race, % | ||||
| Black | 98 (28.4) | 150 (38.1) | 175 (55.0) | <0.001 |
| White | 247 (71.6) | 244 (61.9) | 143 (45.0) | |
| Years of education, mean (SD) | 15.5 (2.8)a | 15.2 (2.3)b | 14.5 (2.4)a,b | <0.001 |
| Smoking status, n (%) | ||||
| Never | 210 (61.2) | 249 (63.4) | 200 (63.1) | 0.906 |
| Former | 62 (18.1) | 72 (18.3) | 53 (16.7) | |
| Current | 71 (20.7) | 72 (18.3) | 64 (20.2) | |
| Heavy alcohol drinking, n (%) | 33 (9.6) | 48 (12.2) | 19 (6.0) | 0.019 |
| Physical activity score, mean (SD) | 397.2 (286.5)a | 382.3 (288.6)b | 291.2 (240.5)a,b | <0.001 |
| EDII† score at Y25, mean (SD) | 0.35 (0.89)a | 0.56 (0.76)b | 0.69 (0.74)a,b | <0.001 |
| Study center, n (%) | ||||
| Birmingham, AL | 70 (20.3) | 94 (23.9) | 84 (26.4) | 0.420 |
| Chicago, IL | 81 (23.5) | 79 (20.1) | 69 (21.7) | |
| MN | 89 (25.8) | 115 (29.2) | 81 (25.5) | |
| Oakland, CA | 105 (30.4) | 106 (26.9) | 84 (26.4) | |
| Family history of T2D, n (%) | 66 (19.1) | 66 (16.8) | 89 (28.0) | <0.001 |
| Fasting glucose at Y15 (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 90.5 (8.9)a,c | 94.9 (11.0)a,b | 99.8 (16.9)b,c | <0.001 |
| Fasting insulin at Y15 (μU/mL), mean (SD) | 6.9 (4.5)a,c | 8.6 (5.5)a,b | 13.8 (8.1)b,c | <0.001 |
| Positive GrimAA at Y15, n (%) | 101 (29.3) | 134 (34.0) | 145 (45.6) | <0.001 |
| Positive GrimAA at Y20, n (%) | 104 (30.1) | 129 (32.7) | 136 (42.8) | 0.001 |
| Positive 5yr GrimAA, n (%) | 123 (35.7) | 150 (38.1) | 117 (36.8) | 0.750 |
Global P values were obtained from Student t tests for continuous variables and χ2 tests for categorical variables.
†
Empirical dietary inflammatory index. Values with same superscript are significantly different.