Table 4.

Associations between GrimAge measurements at Y15–Y20 and incident T2D during Y15–Y30 by BMI status at Y15

	Normal weight at Y15 (BMI <25 kg/m2, N = 315)	Overweight at Y15 (BMI 25–30 kg/m2, N = 365)	With obesity at Y15 (BMI ≥30 kg/m2, N = 287)	Pinteraction
Model 1: diabetes vs. prediabetes and normal glucose
Chronological age	1.21 (1.02–1.44)*	1.04 (0.93–1.17)	0.99 (0.92–1.07)	0.54
GrimAge†	1.01 (0.91–1.11)	1.03 (0.98–1.08)	1.01 (0.97–1.05)	0.13
GrimAA†	0.92 (0.81–1.05)	1.03 (0.96–1.09)	1.01 (0.96–1.07)	0.17
Positive GrimAA	0.71 (0.21–2.44)	1.13 (0.60–2.14)	1.71 (1.12–2.60)*	0.69
Positive 5yr GrimAA	0.64 (0.19–2.13)	0.70 (0.38–1.28)	1.86 (1.24–2.79)**	<0.01
Model 2: diabetes vs. normal glucose (prediabetes excluded)
Chronological age	1.26 (1.06–1.51)**	1.05 (0.93–1.19)	1.02 (0.93–1.11)	0.56
GrimAge	1.03 (0.93–1.13)	1.03 (0.97–1.09)	1.01 (0.97–1.06)	0.06
GrimAA	0.94 (0.83–1.07)	1.02 (0.96–1.09)	0.99 (0.93–1.06)	0.03
Positive GrimAA	0.89 (0.25–3.14)	1.12 (0.56–2.25)	2.10 (1.29–3.41)*	0.54
Positive 5yr GrimAA	0.65 (0.19–2.20)	0.70 (0.37–1.34)	1.90 (1.21–2.98)**	<0.01
Model 3: hyperglycemia (diabetes or prediabetes) vs. normal glucose
Chronological age	1.17 (1.10–1.24)***	1.02 (0.96–1.09)	1.04 (0.97–1.11)	0.10
GrimAge	1.06 (1.02–1.10)**	1.02 (0.99–1.05)	1.00 (0.97–1.04)	<0.01
GrimAA	1.02 (0.97–1.08)	1.03 (0.99–1.07)	0.97 (0.92–1.02)	<0.01
Positive GrimAA	1.60 (1.01–2.56)*	1.21 (0.85–1.73)	1.39 (0.96–2.00)	0.12
Positive 5yr GrimAA	1.54 (1.05–2.25)*	1.65 (1.21–2.25)*	1.26 (0.88–1.79)	0.71

Data are OR (95% CI). Models are adjusted for race, sex, education, smoking status, physical activity, alcohol drinking, and field center.

^†For GrimAge and GrimAA, the ORs and 95% CIs were calculated based on 1-year increase of each measurement.

^*P < 0.05;

^**P < 0.01;

^***P < 0.001.