Table 4.

Relative expression of superoxide dismutase isoforms Cu/Zn Sod, Mn Sod, and EC Sod), glutathione peroxidase 1 and 4 (Gpx1, Gpx4), and catalase (Cat) genes in female brain blood vessels (BBV). Results are presented as relative expression of gene normalized to hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase as a reference gene and summarized as arithmetic mean ± SD (two-way ANOVA)

Female BBV	Cu/Zn Sod*	MnSod†	EC-Sod‡	Gpx1§	Gpx4‖‖	Cat¶
Control	0.39 ± 0.12 (N = 6)	0.55 ± 0.19 (N = 6)	0.59 ± 0.33 (N = 6)	1.77 ± 0.70 (N = 6)	0.69 ± 0.46 (N = 6)	0.85 ± 0.26 (N = 6)
Carbohydrate- and fat-rich diet (HSHFD)	0.21 ± 0.15 (N = 6)	0.02 ± 0.003** (N = 4)	0.05 ± 0.04†† (N = 8)	0.09 ± 0.08** (N = 6)	0.06 ± 0.03††‖‖‖‖ (N = 8)	0.82 ± 0.36 (N = 4)
HSHFD+metformin	0.33 ± 0.22 (N = 4)	0.07 ± 0.05** (N = 4)	0.04 ± 0.02†† (N = 6)	0.74 ± 0.62**‡‡ (N = 4)	0.07 ± 0.03††‖‖‖‖ (N = 7)	0.92 ± 0.42 (N = 4)
HSHFD+liraglutide	0.49 ± 0.29 (N = 4)	0.13 ± 0.10** (N = 4)	0.11 ± 0.07 (N = 5)	0.91 ± 0.33**‡‡ (N = 4)	1.15 ± 0.73§§ (N = 5)	1.37 ± 0.56¶¶ (N = 5)

*Cu/Zn Sod (P = 0.207, F = 1.607).

†MnSod (P = 0.0011, F = 6.819).

‡EC-Sod (P = 0.494, F = 0.8142).

§Gpx1 (P = 0.0023, F = 5.935).

‖‖Gpx4 (P = 0.0002, F = 8.314).

¶Cat (P = 0.0459, F = 2.982).

**HSHFD; HSHFD+metformin; HSHFD+liraglutide vs control (MnSod P < 0.001), Bonferroni post hoc test, P < 0.05.

††HSHFD; HSHFD+metformin vs control (EC-Sod P < 0.05; Gpx4 P < 0.05), Bonferroni post hoc test, P < 0.05.

‡‡HSHFD+metformin; HSHFD+liraglutide vs HSHFD (EC-Sod P < 0.05), Bonferroni post hoc test, P < 0.05.

§§HSHFD+liraglutide vs control (Gpx4 P < 0.05).

‖‖‖‖HSHFD+metformin; HSHFD vs HSHFD+liraglutide (Gpx4 P < 0.001).

¶¶HSHFD+liraglutide vs control (Cat P < 0.05).