Table 5.

Relative expression of superoxide dismutase isoforms (Cu/Zn Sod, Mn Sod, and EC Sod), glutathione peroxidase 1 and 4 (EC-Sod, Gpx4), and catalase (Cat) genes in male brain blood vessels (BBV). Results are presented as relative expression of gene normalized to hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase as a reference gene and summarized as arithmetic mean ± SD (two-way ANOVA)

Male BBV	Cu/Zn Sod*	MnSod†	EC-Sod‡	Gpx1§	Gpx4‖‖	Cat⁋
Control	0.78 ± 0.06** (N = 5)	0.70 ± 0.55 (N = 5)	1.13 ± 0.95 (N = 5)	0.73 ± 0.11 (N = 5)	0.75 ± 0.27 (N = 5)	0.92 ± 0.11 (N = 5)
Carbohydrate- and fat-rich diet (HSHFD)	0.55 ± 0.63 (N = 5)	0.30 ± 0.16†† (N = 6)	0.14 ± 0.09‡‡ (N = 5)	0.39 ± 0.30 (N = 6)	0.17 ± 0.05‡‡ (N = 5)	0.48 ± 0.47 (N = 5)
HSHFD+metformin	0.60 ± 0.06** (N = 5)	0.27 ± 0.68†† (N = 5)	0.27 ± 0.27‡‡ (N = 6)	0.50 ± 0.13 (N = 6)	0.21 ± 0.14‡‡ (N = 6)	0.51 ± 0.11 (N = 5)
HSHFD+liraglutide	0.62 ± 0.20** (N = 5)	0.60 ± 0.06 (N = 6)	0.36 ± 0.12‡‡ (N = 5)	0.62 ± 0.26 (N = 5)	0.20 ± 0.05‡‡ (N = 6)	0.54 ± 0.26 (N = 6)

*Cu/Zn Sod (P = 0.207, F = 1.607).

†MnSod (P = 0.0011, F = 6.819).

‡EC-Sod (P = 0.494, F = 0.8142).

§Gpx1 (P = 0.0023, F = 5.935).

‖‖Gpx4 (P = 0.0002, F = 8.314).

¶Cat (P = 0.0459, F = 2.982).

**P < 0.05 HSHFD vs control; HSHFD+metformin; HSHFD+liraglutide (Cu/Zn Sod P < 0.05), Bonferroni post hoc test, P < 0.05.

††P < 0.05 HSHFD+liraglutide vs HSHFD; HSHFD+metformin (MnSod P < 0.01), Bonferroni post hoc test, P < 0.05.

‡‡P < 0.05 HSHFD; HSHFD+metformin; HSHFD+liraglutide vs control (EC-Sod P < 0.05, Gpx4 P < 0.05), Bonferroni post hoc test, P < 0.05.