Table 2.
Description of possible insomnia phenotype subgroups based on sleep characteristics.
| Sleep Characteristics |
Age (years) |
Men |
Duration of Insomnia (years) |
Patients with SOI symptoms |
Patients with SMI symptoms |
Patients with EMA symptoms |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M±SD | n (%) | M±SD | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |
| Sleep history | ||||||
| Light sleeper (n = 218) | 51.7 ± 15.8 | 89 (40.8%) | 11.8 ± 10.9 | 131 (60.1%) | 152 (69.7%) | 113 (51.8%) |
| Good sleeper (n = 196) | 52.3 ± 15.9 | 92 (46.9%) | 9.5 ± 7.7 | 99 (50.5%) | 133 (67.9%) | 84 (42.9%) |
| p | 0.682 | 0.211 | 0.022 | 0.065 | 0.646 | 0.093 |
| Family with sleep problems/insomnia | ||||||
| Yes (n = 194) | 49.8 ± 15.4 | 73 (37.6%) | 13.4 ± 12.9 | 111 (57.2%) | 135 (69.6%) | 99 (51.0%) |
| No (n = 222) | 52.7 ± 16.3 | 105 (47.3%) | 10.0 ± 8.8 | 119 (53.6%) | 143 (64.4%) | 93 (41.9%) |
| p | 0.061 | 0.047 | 0.005 | 0.670 | 0.097 | 0.028 |
| Daytime sleep possible | ||||||
| Yes (n = 291) | 52.3 ± 16.5 | 143 (49.1%) | 11.8 ± 11.7 | 140 (48.1%) | 194 (66.7%) | 119 (40.9%) |
| No (n = 156) | 51.3 ± 15.0 | 52 (33.3%) | 11.4 ± 9.6 | 107 (68.6%) | 107 (68.6%) | 88 (56.4%) |
| p | 0.567 | 0.001 | 0.777 | 0.000 | 0.176 | 0.004 |
| Trigger | ||||||
| Yes (n = 194) | 52.3 ± 15.3 | 75 (38.7%) | 10.3 ± 10.0 | 110 (56.7%) | 125 (64.4%) | 88 (45.5%) |
| No (n = 199) | 51.4 ± 16.9 | 93 (46.7%) | 12.7 ± 11.8 | 105 (52.8%) | 141 (70.9%) | 96 (48.2%) |
| p | 0.576 | 0.106 | 0.054 | 0.217 | 0.466 | 0.349 |
| Different environment helpful* | ||||||
| Yes (n = 249) | 47.9 ± 15.1 | 112 (45.0%) | 11.0 ± 9.4 | 143 (57.4%) | 166 (66.7%) | 129 (51.8%) |
| No (n = 170) | 57.0 ± 14.9 | 77 (45.3%) | 13.6 ± 13.4 | 90 (52.9%) | 116 (68.2%) | 64 (37.6%) |
| p | 0.000 | 0.949 | 0.053 | 0.689 | 0.427 | 0.115 |
| Alternative treatment helpful§ | ||||||
| Yes (n = 230) | 49.6 ± 15.2 | 101 (43.9%) | 11.8 ± 11.0 | 134 (58.3%) | 162 (70.4%) | 119 (51.7%) |
| No (n = 149) | 52.5 ± 16.6 | 56 (37.6%) | 12.7 ± 11.9 | 86 (57.7%) | 98 (65.8%) | 65 (43.6%) |
| p | 0.083 | 0.222 | 0.509 | 0.520 | 0.717 | 0.604 |
| Alcohol as sleep aid helpful$ | ||||||
| Yes (n = 120) | 46.7 ± 15.7 | 59 (49.2%) | 12.2 ± 10.4 | 84 (70.0%) | 80 (66.7%) | 63 (52.5%) |
| No (n = 170) | 53.1 ± 14.3 | 74 (43.5%) | 11.4 ± 10.2 | 73 (42.9%) | 113 (66.5%) | 77 (45.3%) |
| p | 0.000 | 0.343 | 0.540 | 0.000 | 0.269 | 0.887 |
Different sleep environment included sleep on weekends, on vacation or different environment.
Alternative sleep treatment included sleep hygiene, sport, relaxation exercises.
Alcohol as sleep aid includes sleep onset and sleep maintenance.
SOI, Sleep onset insomnia; SMI, sleep maintenance insomnia; EMA, early morning awakenings insomnia. Symptoms are not exclusive; they can occur either as single symptom or in occurrence with other symptoms. M, mean; SD, standard deviation; n, number. The % refers to the corresponding answer category as a base, listed in the left row. For group comparisons, p was calculated with a t-Test for the continuous variable age and with chi-square tests for the dichotomous variables. Significance level was set at 0.05. Significant differences were highlighted.