Table 2.

Sample interview guide questions, probes, and codes.

Theme	Interview Questions	Probes	Codes
Drivers of opioid use: Individual level	From your experience interacting with people who inject drugs, what do you think are some of the reasons people might start using and injecting drugs?	How would you describe the typical person who injects drugs? What do you think drives people to start misusing drugs? Where do you think they’re getting their drugs from?	Driving epidemic force: individual, community, policy, economic
			Mental health
			Pain management
			Appalachian culture
			Stigma/attitudes
			Drug user descriptions: positive, negative, neutral
Drivers of opioid use: Community level	What kinds of things in your community do you think have caused the increase in drug/opioid use?	Are there any other things that you think might be contributing? What do people in your community think about the issue?	Driving epidemic force: individual, community, policy, economic
			Mental health
			Pain management
			Appalachian culture
			Crime
			Stigma/attitudes
Impact on organization	How would you say your organization has been impacted by the opioid epidemic? How has your typical day changed?	Over what time period have you noticed any changes? What do you think the biggest impact on your work has been?	Epidemic impact: on organizations, on community
			Crime
			Overdose
			Shifts over time: opioid prescribing, disease, drug, population, MAT prescribing
Shifts in populations	Has the population of people that you see changed over the past 5 years? If so, how?	Are they getting older or younger? Are there more men, or women? Do they have health insurance?	Shifts over time: opioid prescribing, disease, drug, population,
			Stigma/attitudes
			Drug user descriptions: positive, negative, neutral