TABLE 2.
Scores (means ± SD) of MMSE, CDR, and PVLT at baseline and after rTMS/sham treatment in the rTMS group (n = 35) and sham group (n = 34).
|
rTMS group |
Sham group |
95% CI (SA vs. rA) | |||||
| Baseline | After treatment (SA) | 95% CI | Baseline | After treatment (rA) | 95% CI | ||
| MMSE | 15.71 ± 5.60 | 17.17 ± 6.06** | −2.32 to −0.59 | 15.62 ± 6.49 | 16.18 ± 6.95 | −1.50 to 0.38 | −2.14 to 4.13 |
| Time orientation | 1.20 ± 1.51 | 1.57 ± 1.46* | −0.70 to −0.05 | 1.47 ± 1.31 | 1.29 ± 1.45 | −0.25 to 0.60 | −0.42 to 0.98 |
| Place orientation | 3.20 ± 1.47 | 3.40 ± 1.63 | −0.60 to 0.20 | 3.00 ± 1.63 | 3.24 ± 1.83 | −0.63 to 0.16 | −0.67 to 1.00 |
| Registration | 2.66 ± 0.48 | 2.83 ± 0.45 | −0.35 to 0.01 | 2.50 ± 0.75 | 2.56 ± 0.82 | −0.32 to 0.20 | −0.05 to 0.59 |
| Attention and calculation | 2.11 ± 1.75 | 2.40 ± 1.85 | −0.66 to 0.09 | 2.38 ± 1.76 | 2.62 ± 2.00 | −0.59 to 0.12 | −1.14 to 0.71 |
| Recall | 0.51 ± 0.89 | 0.91 ± 0.95* | −0.76 to −0.04 | 0.44 ± 0.75 | 0.62 ± 0.89 | −0.41 to 0.06 | −0.15 to 0.74 |
| Language | 6.03 ± 2.09 | 6.06 ± 2.25 | −0.41 to 0.36 | 5.82 ± 2.53 | 5.85 ± 2.43 | −0.49 to 0.43 | −0.92 to 1.33 |
| Naming | 1.97 ± 0.17 | 1.94 ± 0.24 | −0.03 to 0.09 | 1.82 ± 0.52 | 1.88 ± 0.41 | −0.14 to 0.02 | −0.10 to 0.22 |
| Repetition | 0.54 ± 0.51 | 0.60 ± 0.50 | −0.22 to 0.11 | 0.62 ± 0.49 | 0.53 ± 0.51 | −0.09 to 0.27 | −0.17 to 0.31 |
| Three−stage command | 1.89 ± 1.02 | 1.86 ± 1.03 | −0.30 to 0.36 | 1.50 ± 1.13 | 1.62 ± 1.23 | −0.42 to 0.19 | −0.31 to 0.79 |
| Reading | 0.74 ± 0.44 | 0.77 ± 0.43 | −0.09 to 0.03 | 0.71 ± 0.46 | 0.68 ± 0.47 | −0.08 to 0.13 | −0.12 to 0.31 |
| Writing | 0.49 ± 0.51 | 0.49 ± 0.51 | −0.08 to 0.08 | 0.62 ± 0.49 | 0.59 ± 0.50 | −0.13 to 0.19 | −0.34 to 0.14 |
| Copying | 0.40 ± 0.50 | 0.40 ± 0.50 | −0.08 to 0.08 | 0.56 ± 0.50 | 0.56 ± 0.50 | −0.17 to 0.17 | −0.40 to 0.08 |
| PVLT | 18.74 ± 12.91 | 24.89 ± 14.08***# | −7.93 to −4.36 | 15.77 ± 12.73 | 17.77 ± 14.04* | −3.58 to −0.42 | 0.36 to 13.88 |
| Immediate recall | 13.94 ± 7.68 | 18.23 ± 8.01***# | −5.5 to −3.07 | 12.24 ± 8.65 | 13.24 ± 9.41 | −2.28 to 0.28 | 0.80 to 9.19 |
| Short delay recall | 2.83 ± 3.21 | 4.17 ± 3.57** | −2.18 to −0.51 | 2.56 ± 3.39 | 2.97 ± 3.05 | −1.37 to 0.55 | −0.40 to 2.80 |
| Long delay recall | 1.97 ± 3.00 | 2.49 ± 3.81 | −1.10 to 0.07 | 0.97 ± 1.99 | 1.56 ± 2.98 | −1.20 to 0.02 | −0.72 to 2.57 |
| Distractor recall | 2.03 ± 1.54 | 1.69 ± 1.02 | −0.12 to 0.81 | 1.53 ± 1.38 | 1.53 ± 1.40 | −0.33 to 0.33 | −0.43 to 0.74 |
| Intrusions | 10.29 ± 11.02 | 12.11 ± 10.34 | −4.62 to 0.96 | 8.21 ± 9.92 | 8.74 ± 10.57 | −2.21 to 1.15 | −1.65 to 8.40 |
| CDR | 6.10 ± 3.03 | 5.96 ± 2.92 | −0.14 to 0.43 | 6.63 ± 3.36 | 6.56 ± 3.45 | −0.21 to 0.35 | −2.15 to 0.95 |
| Memory | 1.41 ± 0.50 | 1.34 ± 0.55 | −0.04 to 0.19 | 1.40 ± 0.61 | 1.38 ± 0.63 | −0.08 to 0.11 | −0.33 to 0.24 |
| Orientation | 1.18 ± 0.66 | 1.09 ± 0.61 | −0.01 to 0.19 | 1.24 ± 0.62 | 1.25 ± 0.65 | −0.09 to 0.07 | −0.47 to 0.14 |
| Judgment and problem solving | 1.07 ± 0.58 | 1.06 ± 0.57 | −0.08 to 0.11 | 1.19 ± 0.77 | 1.18 ± 0.78 | −0.02 to 0.04 | −0.45 to 0.21 |
| Community affairs | 1.09 ± 0.61 | 1.10 ± 0.55 | −0.11 to 0.08 | 1.06 ± 0.62 | 1.07 ± 0.57 | −0.11 to 0.08 | −0.24 to 0.30 |
| Home and hobbies | 1.06 ± 0.62 | 1.10 ± 0.60 | −0.12 to 0.03 | 1.22 ± 0.71 | 1.24 ± 0.74 | −0.14 to 0.11 | −0.46 to 0.19 |
| Personal care | 0.29 ± 0.63 | 0.27 ± 0.62 | −0.03 to 0.09 | 0.53 ± 0.71 | 0.44 ± 0.66 | −0.04 to 0.22 | −0.49 to 0.13 |
*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001 vs. baseline; #p < 0.05 vs. sham group. CI, confidence interval; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; PVLT, 12-Word Philadelphia Verbal Learning Test; CDR, Clinical Dementia Rating.