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. 2021 Jun 29;11:670424. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.670424

Figure 5.

Figure 5

The gut microbiota dysbiosis of COVID-19 patients is distinct from that of critically ill non-COVID-19 patients. (A), Left, Alpha diversity estimated according to the inverse Simpson index, for COVID-19 patients admitted or not to ICU and other critically ill patients admitted to ICU just before the COVID-19 outbreak. A significant reduction was observed in all patients admitted to ICU regardless of the underlying disease (p value = 0.0003, Kruskal-Wallis test). Right, Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) based on Bray-Curtis dissimilarity between the genus-level profiles. A significant separation was found among the study groups (p value = 0.001, permutation test with pseudo-F ratio). Ellipses include 95% confidence area based on the standard error of the weighted average of sample coordinates. Bacterial genera with the largest contribution to the ordination space are indicated with blue arrows (p value ≤ 0.001, permutational correlation test, “envfit” function). (B), Boxplots showing the relative abundance distribution of genera differentially represented between groups. *p value ≤ 0.05; **p value < 0.01; Wilcoxon test.