TABLE 1.

Critical Components of Dual Diagnosis Programs

Component	Description
Intervention staging	Responding to a patient’s needs and motivations as they change over time during a treatment relationship.
Assertive outreach	A strategy for engaging patients and their supports in care, typically with home-based outreach and intensive care management.
Motivational techniques	Use of motivational interventions to help patients identify their own goals, explore ambivalence, and ultimately recognize that management of their disorder is needed to attain those goals.
Therapeutic support	Counseling that includes cognitive and behavioral therapeutic strategies, which can be delivered in single or multiple formats including individual, group, and family.
Strengthening social supports	Activities to strengthen the social environment, including those incorporating family or social network interventions.
Chronic perspective	Incorporating long-term support for patients through multiple treatment phases including rehabilitation and relapse prevention.
Comprehensive services	Integrating services across specialties and domains, including addressing social determinants.
Cultural competence	Adapting to cultural and other local circumstances while keeping important evidence-based intervention components.

Source: Drake et al.¹⁸