Table 1. Summary of findings from anti-CaP studies of various phytochemicals.
| Phytochemicals | Mechanism of action
investigated/involved |
CaP cells type and/or
mouse model |
Findings | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| β-sitosterol | Growth and metastasis of
tumour cells |
PC-3 in SCID mice | Slow down the tumour
growth and metastasis |
( Awad et al., 2001) |
| Stigmasterol | Effect of androgen activity | LNCaP | Suppress androgen
activity of DHT |
( Kamei et al., 2018) |
| Lupeol | Growth of CaP cell xenograft
tumour |
LAPC4, LNCaP, CRPC,
CWR22Rv1 in nude mice |
Effectively halt the
tumour growth |
( Saleem et al., 2005) |
| Quercetin | Growth of CaP cell xenograft
tumour; angiogenesis; apoptosis; proliferation |
PC-3 in nude mice, LAPC-4
in SCID mice, CWR22 in SCID mice, DU-145 in nude mice |
Halt the tumour growth
at selective dose; Inhibit angiogenesis; induce apoptosis; inhibit proliferation |
( Yang et al., 2015) |
| Myricetin | Tumour metastasis; apoptosis | PC-3 and DU-145 in
thymic nude mice |
Inhibit tumour cells
migration and invasion; promote cell apoptosis |
( Ye et al., 2018) |
| Fisetin | Tumour cell apoptosis;
cytotoxicity; viability |
PC-3, LNCaP, DU-145,
CWR22Rupsilon1 |
Activate tumour cell
apoptosis; enhance cytotoxicity; decrease tumour cell viability |
( Szliszka et al., 2011) |
| Kaempferol | CaP cell proliferation | AT6.3 | Inhibit cell proliferation
of in dose-dependent manner |
( Wang et al., 2003) |
| Biochanin A | Growth of CaP cell; cytotoxicity;
apoptosis |
LNCaP, DU-145, AT6.3 | Inhibit growth of cells;
augment selective-cancer cell cytotoxicity; induce cells apoptotic effects |
(
Wang
et al., 2003);
( Szliszka et al., 2013) |
| Genistein | Growth of CaP cell; apoptosis;
proliferation |
LNCaP, DU-145, AT6.3 | Inhibit growth of cells;
inhibit cell proliferation of in dose-dependent manner |
( Wang et al., 2003) |
| Epigallocatechin-gallate | Growth of induced-CaP cell
tumour |
PC-3 and LNCaP in mice | Inhibit the growth and
reduce the size of tumour |
( Liao et al., 1995) |
| Epicatehin-gallate | Cell viability; proliferation,
apoptosis |
LNCaP, PC-3 | Inhibit the CaP cells
viability in dose- dependent manner; inhibit cell proliferation; induce cells apoptotic effects |
( Stadlbauer et al., 2018) |
| Oleic Acid | Cell proliferation | LNCaP | Inhibit cell proliferation | ( Liu et al., 2009) |
| Linoleic Acid | Cell proliferation; viability | LNCaP, PC-3 | Inhibit cell proliferation
and viability |
(
Liu
et al., 2009);
( Eser et al., 2013) |
| Myristic Acid | Growth of prostate; DHT level
in prostate |
Prostate in Sprague-
Dawley rats |
Reduce prostate
growth; inhibit prostate enlargement; reduce prostate weight; reduce DHT level |
( Patil & Yadav, 2016) |
| Lauric Acid | Growth of prostate; DHT level
in prostate, cell proliferation |
Prostate in Sprague-
Dawley rats; LNCaP |
Reduce prostate
growth; inhibit prostate enlargement; reduce prostate weight; reduce DHT level; inhibit cell proliferation |
(
Liu
et al., 2009);
( Patil & Yadav, 2016) |