Table 2. Inhibitory action of various phytochemicals on 5αRs.

Phytochemical	Structures	Effect on 5αRs	IC50 (µM)	Model of Study	Type of CaP cell line studied	Source of Plant	References
Phytosterols;
β-sitosterol		Inhibition on type I and II	2.7	In vitro	PC-3	Sepenoa repen, Hypoxis rooperi, Secale cereale (Rye Grass Pollen), Urtica dioica, Prunus africana	( Awad et al., 2001), ( Cabezal et al., 2003), ( Madersbacher et al., 2007), ( Pais, 2010), ( Dawid-Pać et al., 2014), ( Komakech et al., 2017)
Stigmasterol		Inhibition on type I and II	27.2	In vitro	LNCaP	Sepenoa repen, Phyllanthus urinaria, Croton sublyratus, Ficus hirta, Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk, Eclipta prostrate, Parkia speciosa, Gypsophila oldhamiana, Eucalyptus globules, Aralia cordata, Emilia sonchifolia, Akebia quinata, Desmodium styracifolium, Heracleum rapula	( Iehlé et al., 1995), ( Pais, 2010), ( Dawid-Pać et al., 2014), ( Kamei et al., 2018)
Lupeol		Inhibition on type I and II	15.9, 17.3 19.1 25	In vitro	LAPC4, LNCaP, C4-2b, 22Rv1	Sepenoa repen, American ginseng, Shea butter plant, Tamarindus indica, Allanblackia monticola, Himatanthus sucuuba, Celastrus paniculatus, Zanthoxylum riedelianum, Leptadenia hastata, Crataeva nurvala, Bombax ceiba, Sebastiania adenophora	( Siddique et al., 2011) ( Rainer et al., 2007)
Phenolics (Polyphenols);
Quercetin		Inhibition on type I	23	In vitro	PC-3, LNCaP, DU-145	Morus alba L, Camellia chinensis, Allium fistulosum, Calamus scipionum, Moringa oleifera, Centella asiatica, Hypericum hircinum, Hypericum perforatum	( Hiipakka et al., 2002), ( Salvamani et al., 2014), ( Yang et al., 2015), ( Kashyap et al., 2019)
Myricetin		Inhibition on type I	23	In vitro	PC-3, DU-145	Ampelopsis cantoniensis, Myrica cerifera L, Calamus scipionum, Chrysobalanus icaco L, Moringa oleifera, Aloe vera	( Hiipakka et al., 2002), ( Salvamani et al., 2014) ( Ye et al., 2018)
Fisetin		Inhibition on type I	57	In vitro	PC-3, LNCaP, DU-145, CWR22 Rupsilon1	Butea frondosa, Gleditsia triacanthos, Quebracho colorado, Curcuma longa, Rhus verniciflua, Acacia greggii, Acacia berlandieri	( Hiipakka et al., 2002), ( Khan et al., 2008), ( Szliszka et al., 2011) ( Salvamani et al., 2014) ( Kashyap et al., 2019)
Kaempferol		Inhibition on type II	12	In vitro	AT6.3 rat	Moringa oleifera, Centella asiatica, Euonymus alatus, Kaempferia galanga L, Ginkgo biloba, Equisetum spp., Tilia spp., Sophora japonica, propolis	( Hiipakka et al., 2002), ( Wang et al., 2003) ( Park et al., 2006)
Biochanin A		Inhibition on type II	17	In vitro	LNCaP, DU-145, AT6.3 rat	Trifolium pratense L, Glycine max, Lupinus	( Peterson & Barnes, 1993), ( Wang et al., 2003), ( Jlan, 2009), ( Szliszka et al., 2013) ( Spagnuolo et al., 2015), ( Zhang et al., 2016)
Genistein		Inhibition on type II	23	In vitro	LNCaP, DU-145, AT6.3 rat	Glycine max, Lupinus	( Peterson & Barnes, 1993), ( Wang et al., 2003), ( Jlan, 2009), ( Spagnuolo et al., 2015), ( Zhang et al., 2016)
Daidzein		Inhibition on type II	29	In vitro	LNCaP, DU-145, AT6.3 rat	Glycine max, Lupinus	( Peterson & Barnes, 1993), ( Wang et al., 2003) ( Jlan, 2009), ( Spagnuolo et al., 2015), ( Zhang et al., 2016)
Phenolics (Catechins);
Epicatechin-gallate		Inhibition on type I	11	In vitro	PC-3, LNCaP, DU-145	Camella sinensis, Betula pubescens, Betula pendula, Cocos nucifera, fruit pulp of Argania spinosa, Cassia fistula	( Agarwal, 2000), ( Chung et al., 2001), ( Hiipakka et al., 2002) ( Stadlbauer et al., 2018)
Epigallocatechin- gallate		Inhibition on type I	15	In vitro	PC-3, LNCaP, DU-145	Camella sinensis, Betula pubescens, Betula pendula, Cocos nucifera, fruit pulp of Argania spinosa, Cassia fistula	( Agarwal, 2000), ( Chung et al., 2001), ( Hiipakka et al., 2002)
Fatty Acids;
Oleic Acid		Inhibition on type I	14.2	In vitro	LNCaP	Sepenoa repens, Helianthus annuus	( Raynaud et al., 2002), ( Liu et al., 2009), ( Sheeba et al., 2015)
Linoleic Acid		Inhibition on type I	46.4	In vitro	LNCaP, PC-3	Sepenoa repens, Prunus africana, Cocos nucifera, Helianthus annuus	( Raynaud et al., 2002), ( de Lourdes Arruzazabala et al., 2007), ( Liu et al., 2009), ( Eser et al., 2013), ( Nyamai et al., 2015), ( Sheeba et al., 2015)
Myristic Acid		Inhibition on type II	18.8	In vitro	Cell expression system in Sf9	Sepenoa repens, Prunus africana	( Raynaud et al., 2002)
Lauric Acid		Inhibition on type I and II	92.8	In vitro	LNCaP	Sepenoa repens, Prunus africana, Cocos nucifera	( Raynaud et al., 2002), ( de Lourdes Arruzazabala et al., 2007),( Liu et al., 2009) ( Nyamai et al., 2015) ( Komakech et al., 2017)