. 2021 Jul 12;11(7):e048801. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-048801

Table 4.

Multicomponent intervention studies organised according to nudge ladder

Nudge ladder	Study	Significant effect in the hypothesised direction?
Provide information + guide choice through defaults	Arora et al³⁸ USA	p<0.001
Provide information + frame information	Wigder et al⁶⁹ USA	p<0.001
Enable choice + frame information	Patel et al⁵⁹ USA— Arm 2	p<0.001
Frame information + guide choice through defaults	O’Reilly-Shah et al⁵² USA— Arm 3	p<0.001
Provide information + frame information + enable choice	Srinivasan et al⁶⁵ USA	p<0.001