Kidney damage markers 30 days after randomization in RYGB (bars), SHAM (black bars) and pair-fed (PF, grey bars) rats (n = 13–15 per group). mRNA expression of Glutathione Peroxidase 1 (Gpx1, A) Catalase (Cat, B), superoxide dismutase (Sod1, C), Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (Mcp1, D) and Transforming growth factor beta (Tgfβ, G). Protein expression, normalized to actin, of Sirtuin (SIRT, E) phospho-5’ AMP-activated protein kinase (P-AMPK, F) and TGFβ 48 kDa and 14 kDa (H,I). Data are presented as mean±SEM. * denotes P≤0.05 ** denotes P <0.01 ANOVA with Tukey post-test.