Table 3.
The measured kinematics of the hips of all participants, stratified by gender
| Kinematic data of each sitting position |
Total Median degrees (n = 48) |
Males Median (range) degrees (n = 24) |
Females Median (range) degrees (n = 24) |
P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Flexion (+) / Extension (−) | ||||
| Kneeling plantar-flexed | 67.4 | 67.1 (38.7 to 79.2) | 67.4 (44.1 to 86.1) | 0.695 |
| Kneeling dorsi-flexed | 51.8 | 51.9 (29.9 to 60.3) | 49.4 (32.4 to 66.7) | 0.926 |
| Benjangkapradit prostration | 95.3 | 89.3 (52.5 to 108.7) | 101.6 (88.0 to 114.9) | < 0.001* |
| Cross-legged | 87.7 | 87.0 (60.2 to 105.6) | 89.7 (73.0 to 105.4) | 0.257 |
| Left-monk | ||||
| Left hip | 64.6 | 55.9 (19.0 to 80.5) | 70.0 (44.4 to 79.2) | < 0.001* |
| Right hip | 80.3 | 81.1 (55.4 to 94.5) | 80.2 (63.6 to 93.0) | 0.789 |
| Right-monk | ||||
| Left hip | 79.1 | 79.4 (60.1 to 96.6) | 79.1 (61.9 to 90.5) | 0.433 |
| Right hip | 65.5 | 58.9 (28.1 to 79.6) | 69.4 (45.5 to 79.8) | 0.032* |
| Squatting | 99.7 | 94.9 (47.3 to 122.0) | 102.9 (87.1 to 115.4) | 0.003* |
| Sitting on a step stool | 89.7 | 88.1 (44.9 to 101.9) | 90.9 (74.4 to 101.6) | 0.089 |
| Figure-four | 83.3 | 83.1 (58.5 to 104.5) | 83.6 (69.6 to 99.7) | 0.984 |
| Standard leg-cross | 80.0 | 80.8 (58.4 to 96.4) | 80.0 (61.5 to 93.3) | 0.386 |
| Abduction (+) / Adduction (−) | ||||
| Kneeling plantar-flexed | 4.3 | 7.4 (−6.0 to 18.1) | 3.5 (−8.4 to 12.9) | 0.048* |
| Kneeling dorsi-flexed | 7.2 | 7.8 (−1.1 to 20.4) | 5.6 (−4.1 to 13.9) | 0.070* |
| Benjangkapradit prostration | 4.0 | 4.3 (−10.3 to 23.7) | 3.6 (−7.8 to 24.9) | 0.248 |
| Cross-legged | 28.9 | 28.9 (9.9 to 45.7) | 29.0 (10.4 to 44.3) | 0.773 |
| Left-monk | ||||
| Left hip | 16.4 | 23.3 (−1.2 to 55.8) | 11.9 (−6.4 to 21.6) | < 0.001* |
| Right hip | 8.0 | 10.5 (−5.0 to 30.7) | 6.7 (−4.8 to 21.8) | 0.105 |
| Right-monk | ||||
| Left hip | 7.5 | 11.9 (−8.5 to 29.4) | 4.4 (−7.5 to 14.3) | 0.009* |
| Right hip | 17.5 | 22.3 (9.2 to 38.9) | 13.7 (−8.4 to 30.7) | 0.001* |
| Squatting | 8.1 | 12.5 (−5.1 to 34.3) | 5.2 (−6.5 to 20.6) | 0.018* |
| Sitting on a step stool | 11.5 | 14.8 (−0.1 to 31.5) | 4.3 (−6.0 to 17.8) | < 0.001* |
| Figure-four | 16.5 | 16.9 (2.5 to 35.2) | 15.8 (10.1 to 28.7) | 0.757 |
| Standard leg-cross | −10.5 | −6.9 (−19.9 to 6.0) | −12.5 (−21.7 to 6.7) | 0.012* |
| External rotation (+) / Internal rotation (−) | ||||
| Kneeling plantar-flexed | 1.5 | 1.1 (−8.1 to 20.8) | 1.8 (−6.3 to 16.6) | 0.734 |
| Kneeling dorsi-flexed | 8.8 | 9.6 (0.4 to 15.9) | 6.7 (−8.3 to 22.0) | 0.359 |
| Benjangkapradit prostration | 2.4 | 7.6 (−10.8 to 15.5) | −2.0 (− 18.2 to 12.1) | 0.001* |
| Cross-legged | 62.0 | 61.2 (37.6 to 73.5) | 63.6 (40.7 to 81.7) | 0.332 |
| Left-monk | ||||
| Left hip | −37.5 | −33.7 (− 51.1 to −5.2) | −40.6 (−54.5 to −24.8) | 0.014* |
| Right hip | 48.3 | 47.2 (18.7 to 62.5) | 50.8 (33.9 to 62.2) | 0.034* |
| Right-monk | ||||
| Left hip | 47.7 | 47.1 (27.7 to 58.3) | 49.4 (42.5 to 58.9) | 0.101 |
| Right hip | −37.0 | −35.0 (−51.9 to −4.7) | − 37.9 (− 52.3 to −12.0) | 0.112 |
| Squatting | − 5.4 | − 5.7 (−24.5 to 7.7) | −3.4 (− 20.0 to 5.8) | 0.445 |
| Sitting on a step stool | −5.3 | −6.9 (− 15.9 to 9.3) | − 3.3 (− 11.0 to 6.8) | 0.011* |
| Figure-four | 55.2 | 53.6 (42.9 to 68.6) | 56.9 (35.1 to 75.7) | 0.578 |
| Standard leg-cross | 27.0 | 32.0 (14.9 to 63.7) | 25.0 (2.9 to 48.4) | 0.059 |
The P values were for the Mann–Whitney U test.
The asterisk (*) denotes a statistically significant difference between two groups.