Table 1:
Study cohort description and simulation model assumptions
| DPP trial cohort at baseline (n=3081) | Mean or number | SD or % |
|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 50.6 | 9.0 |
| Female sex | 2053 | 66.6% |
| Race/ethnicity | ||
| White | 1768 | 57.4% |
| Black | 644 | 20.9% |
| Hispanic | 508 | 16.5% |
| Family history of diabetes | 2127 | 69.0% |
| Current smoker | 216 | 7% |
| Diagnosis of hypertension | 835 | 27.1% |
| BMI | 33.5 | 5.8 |
| Hemoglobin A1c, % | 5.9 | 0.5 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 162.9 | 93.5 |
| Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL | 107.2 | 7.7 |
| History of high blood glucose | 614 | 19.9% |
| Waist to hip ratio | 0.9 | 0.1 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 105.0 | 14.6 |
| Simulation Model Input Assumptions | ||
| Costs of DPP interventions (Herman et al.2) | Initial 4 years | Maintenance annual cost |
| Lifestyle intervention | $4,000 | $140 |
| Metformin | $1,416 | $160 |
| Costs of diabetes treatment and complications* | One-time event | Ongoing |
| Baseline annual cost with no complications | $2,315 | |
| Nonproliferative retinopathy | $103 | $103 |
| Macular edema or proliferative retinopathy | $1,101 | $103 |
| Blindness | $2,951 | $2,951 |
| Microalbuminuria | $437 | $437 |
| Proteinuria | $748 | $748 |
| End-stage renal disease with hemodialysis | $99,046 | $99,046 |
| End-stage renal disease with renal transplant | $138,071 | $44,331 |
| Clinical neuropathy | $511 | $511 |
| Amputation | $42,929 | $1,500 |
| Angina | $8,282 | $2,139 |
| Myocardial infarction | $41,744 | $2,307 |
| Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty | $8,282 | $2,139 |
| Coronary artery bypass graft | $60,685 | $2,307 |
| Myocardial infarction with coronary artery bypass graft | $60,685 | $2,307 |
| Congestive heart failure | $34,635 | $7,620 |
| Ischemic stroke | $55,278 | $18,448 |
| Acute metabolic complication: Hypoglycemia requiring hospitalization | $16,991 | |
| Health utilities | ||
| Impaired glucose regulation | 0.77 | Palmer et al.36 |
| Diabetes (intercept, adjusted by disutilities for complications and comorbidities, not shown) | 0.69 | Zhou et al.25 |
*
Full details on the Michigan Model for Diabetes structure and input assumptions are available in the model manual (accessed at http://diabetesresearch.med.umich.edu/peripherals/DiseaseModel/MDRTC%20Diabetes%20Model/UserManual_MichiganModel_for_Diabetes_ver2.pdf)
Note: all costs shown in 2014 US dollars