Table 5.

Health outcome measures used by category

Pain	Disability	Behaviour	Knowledge and beliefs	Resource utilisation
Health outcome measures employed (number of times)
Numerical rating scale (3)	Oswestry Disability Index (4)	Coping Skills Questionnaire (2)	Back Pain Beliefs Questionnaire (2)	Utilisation of medications (3)
Visual Analogue scale (2)	Euro-QOL5D (1)	Fear Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (3)	Modified Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems survey (1)	Utilisation of healthcare appointments (9)
6 item Chronic Pain Grading Scale (1)	6 item Chronic Pain Grading Scale (1)	Psychological Empowerment Scale (1)	One-item measure—How would you rate your health? (1)	Healthcare cost—expenditure/workdays missed/affordability (6)
Short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire (1)		Modified Patients’ Perceived Involvement in Care Scale (1)
Pain duration in months (1)
Oswestry Disability Index (4)
Euro-QOL5D (1)
Others* (2)  *LBP episodes in last 1 year	Others* (2) *Pain impact (intrusion on regular daily and recreational activities)	Others* (1) *Health Behaviours (Activity level, smoking status, alcohol consumption level, body mass index, flu immunisation in last 12 months, use of pneumonia vaccine)	Others* (3) *Telephone interviews (2), and 12-item survey developed by authors (1)