Table 2.
Summary of Articles (N = 38) Included in Meta-Analysis
| Study | Group compared to white caregivers | Measures of psychological well-being outcomes | Measures of physical well-being outcomes | Population-based | Potential bias |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hinrichsen & Ramirez (1992) | African American | Burden (ZBI), appraisal, psychopathology symptoms (SCL-90) | N/A | No | Low |
| Macera et al. (1992) | African American | Burden, depressive symptoms | Self-perceived health, hypertension | No | Moderate |
| Cox (1995) | African American | Depression, relationship strain | N/A | No | Low |
| Haley et al. (1995) | African American | Depressive symptoms (CES-D)a, life satisfaction (LSI)a, mental health outcomes (BSI) | N/A | No | Minimal |
| Haley et al. (1996) | African American | Depressive symptoms (CES-D), life satisfaction (LSI), caregiver bother (MBPC-R) | Overall physical health (CMI) | No | Minimal |
| Farran, Miller, Kaufman, & Davis (1997) | African American | Depressive symptoms (CES-D), task distress (CES-D) | Overall physical health | No | Moderate |
| Harwood et al. (1998) | Hispanic/Latino | Depressive symptoms (CES-D) | N/A | No | Low |
| Knight & McCallum (1998) | African American | Depressive symptoms (CES-D), anxiety (STAI), MD | Systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate | No | Moderate |
| Adams et al. (2002) | African American, Hispanic/Latino | Depression (OAHMQ), psychopathology symptoms (SCL-90), appraisal (CAQ) | N/A | No | Low |
| Mausbach, Coon, Cardenas, & Thompson (2003) | Hispanic/Latino | Depressive symptoms (GDS) | Overall physical health | No | Minimal |
| Coon et al. (2004) | Hispanic/Latino | Depressive symptoms (CES-D), well-being (CES-D subscale), anxiety (STAI) | Overall physical health (Ware, Kosinski, & Keller 1996) | No | Minimal |
| Haley et al. (2004) | African American | Depressive symptoms (CES-D)a, anxiety (STAI)a, PAC, caregiver bother (RMBPC) | Overall physical health (Ware et al., 1996)a | No | Minimal |
| Roff et al. (2004) | African American | Depressive symptoms (CES-D)a, anxiety (STAI), behavioral bother (RMBPC)a | N/A | No | Minimal |
| Diwan, Hougham, & Sachs (2004) | African American | Role strain (CSI), personal strain (CSI), emotional strain (CSI) | N/A | No | Low |
| Sörensen & Pinquart (2005) | African American, Hispanic/Latino | Depressive symptoms (CES-D), PAC | Overall physical health | No | Minimal |
| Spurlock (2005) | African American | Spiritual well-being (SWBS), burden (ZBI) | N/A | No | Moderate |
| Sleath, Thorpe, Landerman, Doyle, & Clipp (2005) | African American | Depressive symptoms (CES-D) | N/A | No | Low |
| Wilcox, Bopp, Wilson, Fulk, & Hand (2005) | African American | Global stress (PSS), subjective burden (SCB) | Systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, salivary cortisol (Coat-A-Count; Diagnostic Products Corporation, Los Angeles, CA) | No | Moderate |
| McCallum et al. (2006) | African American | Depressive symptoms (CES-D), global stress (PSS) | Salivary cortisol (Salivette; Sarstedt Co., Rommelsdorf, Germany) | No | Low |
| Gallagher-Thompson et al. (2006) | Hispanic/Latino | Depressive symptoms (CES-D), global stress (PSS) | Salivary cortisol (Salivette; Sarstedt Co., Rommelsdorf, Germany) | No | Moderate |
| Belle et al. (2006) | African American, Hispanic/Latino | Depressive symptoms (CES-D), caregiver bother (RMBPC) | N/A | No | Minimal |
| Rabinowitz & Gallagher-Thompson (2007) | Hispanic/Latino | N/A | Hypertension, heart conditions, diabetes, chronic lung disease, cancer, stroke, dizziness, headache, gastrointestinal problems | No | Minimal |
| Kim et al. (2007) | African American | Depression (CES-D), psychopathology symptoms (GSI), subjective burden (ZBI) | Subjective physical health, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate | Yes | Low |
| Roth, Ackerman, Okonkwo, & Burgio (2008) | African American, Hispanic/Latino | Depressive symptoms (CES-D) | N/A | No | Minimal |
| Mitrani, Vaughan, McCabe, & Feaster (2008) | Hispanic/Latino | Depressive symptoms (CES-D)a, anxiety (SAI), distress (composite of depression and anxiety) | N/A | No | Low |
| Gallagher-Thompson, Gray, Dupart, Jimenez, & Thompson (2008) | Hispanic/Latino | Depressive symptoms (CES-D), global stress (PSS), caregiver bother (RMBPC) | N/A | No | Low |
| Montoro-Rodriguez and Gallagher-Thompson (2009) | Hispanic/Latino | Burden, self-efficacy (Revised Scale for Caregiving Self- Efficacy) | N/A | No | Minimal |
| Montoro-Rodriguez, Kosloski, Kercher and Montgomery (2009) | African American, Hispanic/Latino | Depressive symptoms (CES-D) | Self-rated health | No | Moderate |
| Hilgeman et al. (2009) | African American, Hispanic/Latino | Subjective stress, intrapsychic stress, negative psychological outcomes | N/A | No | Minimal |
| Skarupski, McCann, Bienias, & Evans (2009) | African American | Depressive symptoms (CES-D), burden (Burden), satisfaction (Satisfaction), positive affect (Positive Affect Scale) | N/A | No | Low |
| Merritt, McCallum, & Fritsch (2011) | African American | Depressive symptoms (CES-D), global stress (PSS), caregiver bother (RMBPC) | Salivary cortisol (Salivette; Sarstedt Co., Rommelsdorf, Germany) | No | Moderate |
| Joling et al. (2012) | African American | Depressive symptoms (CES-D) | N/A | No | Minimal |
| Bekhet (2015) | African American | Perceived burden (Zarit Burden Scale), positive cognitions (DCS), symptoms subscale (SQ), anxiety (SQ), somatic symptoms (SQ), depression (SQ), hostility (SQ), psychological well-being (SQ) | Overall physical health | No | Moderate |
| Cho, Ory, & Stevens (2016) | African American, Hispanic/Latino | Positive aspects of caregiving | N/A | No | Minimal |
| Badana et al. (2019) | African American | Emotional stress | Physical strain, health status | Yes | Low |
| Cothran et al. (2017) | African American | Subject burden (Subjective Caregiver Burden Scale), depressive symptoms (CES-D), positive affect (Positive and Negative Affect Scale) | N/A | No | Low |
| Armstrong, Gitlin, Parisi, Roth, & Gross (2018) | African American | Depressive symptoms (CES-D), burden | N/A | No | Minimal |
| Chiriboga, Park, Gilbert, Molinari, & Barnes (2019) | African American, Hispanic/Latino | Perceived burden (ZBI) | N/A | No | Minimal |
Note: If the outcome measure name is not specified, the measure was developed and used in study. CES-D = Center for Epidemiological Studies—Depression scale; CMI = Cornell Medical Index; CSI = Caregiver Strain Index; GDS = Geriatric Depression scale; LSI = life satisfaction index; MD = motivational distortion; PAC = positive aspects of caregiving; PSS = Perceived Stress Scale; RMBPC = Revised Memory and Behavior Problem Checklist; SCB = Screen for Caregiving Burden; STAI = State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; ZBI = Zarit Burden Index.
aOutcome was not included in meta-analysis due to not containing independent data (i.e., data were used in other papers with larger sample sizes; see Methods section for further explanation).