Table 3.

Meta-Analysis Random-Effect Estimates for Psychological/Emotional and Physical Health Outcomes Compared to White Caregivers

Type of analysis	African American					Hispanic/Latino
	No. of studies (effects)	Estimate	95% CI	p-value	I 2	No. of studies (effects)	Estimate	95% CI	p-value	I 2
Total
Overall	30 (115)	−0.179	−0.230, −0.128	<.001	79.9%	16 (44)	0.015	−0.067, 0.096	.726	87.0%
Psychological	30 (86)	−0.226	−0.264, −0.189	<.001	81.1%	16 (29)	−0.032	−0.092, 0.028	.294	91.7%
Physical	14 (29)	0.018	−0.045, 0.081	.581	81.7%	4 (15)	0.124	0.037, 0.211	.005	90.8%
Population-based studies
Overall	2 (10)	0.025	−0.134, 0.183	.762	0.0%	—	—	—	—	—
Psychological	2 (4)	−0.222	−0.426, −0.019	.033	0.0%	—	—	—	—	—
Physical	2 (6)	0.187	0.038, 0.337	.014	88.3%	—	—	—	—	—
Convenience sample
Overall	28 (105)	−0.186	−0.238, −0.133	<.001	80.6%	16 (44)	0.015	−0.067, 0.096	.726	87.0%
Psychological	27 (82)	−0.213	−0.252, −0.174	<.001	81.0%	16 (29)	−0.032	−0.092, 0.028	.294	91.7%
Physical	12 (23)	0.002	−0.066, 0.070	.951	77.7%	4 (15)	0.124	0.037, 0.211	.005	90.8%
Minimal-bias studies
Overall	11 (31)	−0.203	−0.265, −0.142	<.001	85.7%	10 (26)	−0.077	−0.189, 0.034	.173	91.6%
Psychological	10 (27)	−0.210	−0.259, −0.160	<.001	88.1%	10 (16)	−0.134	−0.209, −0.058	.001	94.4%
Physical	3 (4)	−0.132	−0.239, −0.024	.016	51.1%	2 (10)	−0.024	−0.138, 0.089	.673	92.8%
Low-bias studies
Overall	11 (47)	−0.187	−0.256, −0.118	<.001	75.8%	4 (10)	0.144	0.010, 0.279	.036	24.1%
Psychological	11 (34)	−0.215	−0.286, −0.144	<.001	70.2%	4 (10)	0.144	0.010, 0.279	.036	24.1%
Physical	5 (13)	0.003	−0.110, 0.117	.953	85.3%	0 (0)	—	—	—	—
Moderate-bias studies
Overall	8 (37)	−0.067	−0.300, 0.166	.575	79.5%	2 (8)	0.284	0.144, 0.424	<.001	55.8%
Psychological	8 (25)	−0.222	−0.322, −0.122	<.001	74.9%	2 (3)	0.223	0.089, 0.358	.001	0.0%
Physical	6 (12)	0.229	0.125, 0.333	<.001	69.0%	2 (5)	0.350	0.215, 0.484	<.001	83.8%

Note: CI = confidence interval.