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. 2020 Apr 9;61(5):e228–e243. doi: 10.1093/geront/gnaa028

Table 4.

Appraisals, Depression, and Other Psychological Health Outcomes

Type of analysis African American Hispanic/Latino
No. of studies (effects) Estimate 95% CI p-value I 2 No. of studies (effects) Estimate 95% CI p-value I 2
Total
Appraisala 25 (43) −0.209 −0.261, −0.156 <.001 80.6% 10 (17) −0.339 −0.421, −0.257 <.001 86.4%
Depression 19 (19) −0.176 −0.226, −0.127 <.001 72.6% 8 (8) 0.240 0.164, 0.316 <.001 52.5%
Other 13 (25) −0.178 −0.250, −0.105 <.001 43.2% 3 (4) 0.008 −0.196, 0.212 .936 62.6%
Population-based studies
Appraisal 2 (3) −0.182 −0.371, 0.007 .060 0.0%
Depression 1 (1) −0.249 −0.564, 0.067 .122
Other 1 (1) −0.244 −0.559, 0.071 .130
Convenience sample
Appraisal 23 (40) −0.210 −0.265, −0.155 <.001 82.1% 10 (17) −0.339 −0.421, −0.257 <.001 86.4%
Depression 18 (18) −0.175 −0.225, −0.125 <.001 74.0% 8 (8) 0.240 0.164, 0.316 <.001 52.5%
Other 12 (24) −0.174 −0.249, −0.100 <.001 47.3% 3 (4) 0.008 −0.196, 0.212 .936 62.6%
Minimal-bias studies
Appraisal 8 (10) −0.232 −0.305, −0.158 <.001 89.4% 6 (10) −0.397 −0.483, −0.310 <.001 90.1%
Depression 6 (6) −0.137 −0.208, −0.066 <.001 77.9% 3 (3) 0.213 0.092, 0.334 .001 56.3%
Other 4 (11) −0.228 −0.328, −0.129 <.001 29.6% 2 (7) −0.046 −0.272, 0.180 .691 0.0%
Low-bias studies
Appraisal 10 (22) −0.169 −0.247, −0.091 <.001 69.9% 3 (6) −0.079 −0.317, 0.159 .515 39.1%
Depression 7 (7) −0.206 −0.292, −0.119 <.001 67.3% 3 (3) 0.286 0.148, 0.423 <.001 74.5%
Other 6 (6) −0.144 −0.266, −0.023 .020 0.0% 1 (1) 0.409 0.032, 0.787 .034
Moderate-bias studies
Appraisal 7 (11) −0.175 −0.332, −0.018 .029 78.6% 1 (1) 0.147 −0.642, 0.936 .715
Depression 6 (6) −0.200 −0.309, −0.092 <.001 78.7% 2 (2) 0.231 0.095, 0.366 .001 19.6%
Other 3 (8) −0.092 −0.295, 0.111 .376 85.3% 0 (0)

Note: CI = confidence interval.

aIncludes one effect for physical strain, which is categorized as a physical health outcome as well as an appraisal.