Table 4.
Appraisals, Depression, and Other Psychological Health Outcomes
| Type of analysis | African American | Hispanic/Latino | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of studies (effects) | Estimate | 95% CI | p-value | I 2 | No. of studies (effects) | Estimate | 95% CI | p-value | I 2 | |
| Total | ||||||||||
| Appraisala | 25 (43) | −0.209 | −0.261, −0.156 | <.001 | 80.6% | 10 (17) | −0.339 | −0.421, −0.257 | <.001 | 86.4% |
| Depression | 19 (19) | −0.176 | −0.226, −0.127 | <.001 | 72.6% | 8 (8) | 0.240 | 0.164, 0.316 | <.001 | 52.5% |
| Other | 13 (25) | −0.178 | −0.250, −0.105 | <.001 | 43.2% | 3 (4) | 0.008 | −0.196, 0.212 | .936 | 62.6% |
| Population-based studies | ||||||||||
| Appraisal | 2 (3) | −0.182 | −0.371, 0.007 | .060 | 0.0% | — | — | — | — | — |
| Depression | 1 (1) | −0.249 | −0.564, 0.067 | .122 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Other | 1 (1) | −0.244 | −0.559, 0.071 | .130 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Convenience sample | ||||||||||
| Appraisal | 23 (40) | −0.210 | −0.265, −0.155 | <.001 | 82.1% | 10 (17) | −0.339 | −0.421, −0.257 | <.001 | 86.4% |
| Depression | 18 (18) | −0.175 | −0.225, −0.125 | <.001 | 74.0% | 8 (8) | 0.240 | 0.164, 0.316 | <.001 | 52.5% |
| Other | 12 (24) | −0.174 | −0.249, −0.100 | <.001 | 47.3% | 3 (4) | 0.008 | −0.196, 0.212 | .936 | 62.6% |
| Minimal-bias studies | ||||||||||
| Appraisal | 8 (10) | −0.232 | −0.305, −0.158 | <.001 | 89.4% | 6 (10) | −0.397 | −0.483, −0.310 | <.001 | 90.1% |
| Depression | 6 (6) | −0.137 | −0.208, −0.066 | <.001 | 77.9% | 3 (3) | 0.213 | 0.092, 0.334 | .001 | 56.3% |
| Other | 4 (11) | −0.228 | −0.328, −0.129 | <.001 | 29.6% | 2 (7) | −0.046 | −0.272, 0.180 | .691 | 0.0% |
| Low-bias studies | ||||||||||
| Appraisal | 10 (22) | −0.169 | −0.247, −0.091 | <.001 | 69.9% | 3 (6) | −0.079 | −0.317, 0.159 | .515 | 39.1% |
| Depression | 7 (7) | −0.206 | −0.292, −0.119 | <.001 | 67.3% | 3 (3) | 0.286 | 0.148, 0.423 | <.001 | 74.5% |
| Other | 6 (6) | −0.144 | −0.266, −0.023 | .020 | 0.0% | 1 (1) | 0.409 | 0.032, 0.787 | .034 | — |
| Moderate-bias studies | ||||||||||
| Appraisal | 7 (11) | −0.175 | −0.332, −0.018 | .029 | 78.6% | 1 (1) | 0.147 | −0.642, 0.936 | .715 | — |
| Depression | 6 (6) | −0.200 | −0.309, −0.092 | <.001 | 78.7% | 2 (2) | 0.231 | 0.095, 0.366 | .001 | 19.6% |
| Other | 3 (8) | −0.092 | −0.295, 0.111 | .376 | 85.3% | 0 (0) | — | — | — | — |
Note: CI = confidence interval.
aIncludes one effect for physical strain, which is categorized as a physical health outcome as well as an appraisal.