Table 5.
Effectiveness of Somatic Experiencing (SE)
| Study | Instrument | Description | Overall Finding | Pre-Post Effect | Statistical Analysis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [1] Brom et al. (2017) | CAPS | PTSD | Significant positive effect of intervention compared to control group | Cohen’s d = 1.26 | Mixed model regression analysis |
| PDS | PTSD | Significant positive effect of intervention compared to control group | Cohen’s d = 1.18 | ||
| CES-D | Depression | Significant positive effect of intervention compared to control group | Cohen’s d = 1.08 | ||
| [2] Andersen et al. (2017) | HTQ-IV | PTSD | Significant positive effect of intervention over time in se-group only |
Cohen’s d = .46* | Repeated measures ANOVA |
| TSK | Kinesiophobia | Significant positive effect of intervention over time in se-group only |
Partial η2 = .07 | ||
| RMDQ | Disability related to low back pain | Significant positive effect for intervention & control group; no difference between groups | Partial η2 = .19 | ||
| NRS | Pain intensity | Significant positive effect for intervention & control group; no difference between groups | Partial η2 = .22 | ||
| PCS | Pain catastrophizing | significant positive effect for intervention & control group; no difference between groups | Partial η2 = .06 | ||
| [3] Changaris (2010) | STAI | State-Anxiety | significant positive effect for intervention compared to control | Not reported | Repeated measures ANOVA & independent groups t-test |
| Trait-Anxiety | No significant effect | Not reported | |||
| BDI-II | Depression (somatic symptoms) | Significant positive effect for intervention compared to control | Not reported | ||
| Depression (somatic symptoms) | Significant positive effect for intervention compared to control | Not reported | |||
| [4] Parker et al. (2008) | S.d. stress-checklist | Overall stress reaction | Significant positive effect of intervention over time (pre-post-4m-8m) |
Partial η2 = .09 | Repeated measures ANOVA |
| IES-R-A | PTSD | Significant positive effect of intervention over time (pre-4m-8m) | Not reported | ||
| S.d. symptom-score | Post-tsunami symptoms | Significant positive effect of intervention over time (pre-post-4m-8m) | Partial η2 = .2 | ||
| [6] Leitch et al. (2009) | S.d. coping-scale | Coping | No significant effect | η2 = .00 | One-way ANOVA |
| SCL-90-R | Psychological symptoms | Significant positive effect for intervention compared to control | η2 = .04 | ||
| Physical symptoms | No significant effect | η2 ≤ .00 | |||
| PCL-C | PTSD | Significant positive effect for intervention compared to control | η2 = .07 | ||
| S.d. resilience-scale | Resilience | Significant positive effect for intervention compared to control | η2 = .16 | ||
| [8] Briggs et al. (2018) | PHQ-SADS | Depression | Significant positive effect of intervention | Cohen’s d = 0.68 | One-group-t-test (pre-post-comparison) |
| Somatic symptoms | Significant positive effect of intervention | Cohen’s d = 0.72 | |||
| Anxiety | No significant effect | Not reported | |||
| WHOQOL-BREF | Psychological quality of life | Significant positive effect of intervention | Cohen’s d = 0.71 | ||
| Health related quality of life | No significant effect | Not reported | |||
| Social quality of life | No significant effect | Not reported | |||
| Environmental quality of life | No significant effect | Not reported |
| Non-comparative studies |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study | Instrument | Overall Finding | |||||
| [5] Leitch (2007) | S.d. post-tsunami-symptom-checklist |
Post: partial/full reduction of reported (observed) symptoms in 67% (95%) of the subjects. follow-up I: partial/full reduction of reported (observed) symptoms in 90% (84%) of the subjects. follow-up II: partial/full reduction of reported (observed) symptoms in 90% (96%) of the subjects. |
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| Qualitative case reports | 8 example comments on the death of family members & friends, the loss of house & fishing boats and growing fear & anxiety; example comment one year after tsunami: ‘Feels stronger, relies on her friends in the village for comfort because she knows she’s not the only one afraid. Would move far away if she had the money.’ | ||||||
| [7] Leitch and Miller-Karas (2009) | TRUSS | 97% rate the training as moderate to very helpful for their own work; 60% as useful for their own self-care | |||||
| TEF | 88% intend to use training frequently in the following two weeks; 82% agree that the training goals have been achieved; most helpful aspects: learning of specific trauma resilience models/SE methods & their application; aspects to be added in the future: practical exercises, demos & case studies | ||||||
| [9] Winblad et al. (2018) | PHQ-SADS | Sig. reduction for anxiety & somatic symptoms for pre & all 3 yearly follow-ups; no data evaluation for depression |
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| WHOQOL-BREF | Sign. improvement of health-related quality of life between pre & all 3 follow-ups; sign. improvement of social quality of life at 3rd follow-up compared to all previous measurements | ||||||
| [10] Rossi (2014) | S.d. questionnaire (quantitative & qualitative evaluation) | 90.70% affirm self-experienced trauma; 90.70% affirm influence of training in professional life (1) getting or adding new tools, (2) using these tools to better help others, (3) ability to amplify the perception of the other, (4) deal better with present profession, (5) direct professional activities towards SE. 96.30% affirm influence of training in personal life: (1) self-perception, (2) self-regulation, (3) perception of patterns of behaviour, (4) new meaning to their life story, (5) perception of the other and of the surroundings, (6) relationships. |
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Instrument: s.d. = self-developed; BDI-II – Beck Depression Inventory-II; CAPS = Clinician-Administered PTBS scale; CES-D = Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale; HTQ-IV = The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire part IV; IES-R-A – Impact of Events Scale-Revised-Abbreviated; PCS – Pain Catastrophizing Scale; PCL-C = PTSD Checklist-Civilian version; PDS = Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale; PHQ-SADS = Patient Health Questionnaire; PTSD Scale; TSK = Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia; RMQD = Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire: NRS = Numerical Rating Scale for Pain Intensity; STAI = State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; SCL-90-R = Symptom Checklist-90-R; TEF = Training Evaluation Form; TRUSS = Training Relevance, Use, and Satisfaction Scale; WHOQOL-BREF = World Health Organization Quality of Life-Brief.
*Interaction group x time: partial η2 = .06.