Table 1.

Food grouping used in the dietary intake analysis

Food groups	Food items
White rice	Cooked white rice, fried rice, cooked rice with assorted mixtures, rice rolled in laver, curry and rice, cereal
Multigrain rice	Cooked rice with other grains and legumes
Flour-based foods	Instant noodles, instant cup noodles, noodles, kalguksu, udong, Chinese black bean noodles, spicy seafood noodle soup, cold noodles, dumpling (steamed or fried)
Rice-cake	Plain steamed rice-cake, steamed rice-cake with red bean, cubed rice-cake with soybean powder, plain cubed rice cake, seasoned bar rice-cake
Bread	Loaf bread, sweet red-beans buns, steamed sweet red-bean buns, cream buns, sponge cake (castella), cake, chocopie
Soup and stew	Rice-cake soup, beef born and meat potage, potato and pork rib soup, loach stew, frozen Alaska pollack stew, spicy seafood stew, sea mustard soup, dried Alaska pollack soup, beef soup, spicy beef soup, radish soup, bean paste soup, bean paste stew, fermented soybean stew, kimchi stew, stir-fried kimchi, spicy sausage stew, bean curd stew, soft bean curd stew
Legume	Bean curd, bean curd boiled in soy sauce, pan-fried bean curd, soybean boiled in soy sauce
Eggs	Fried egg, fried egg roll, boiled egg, steamed egg
Red meats and processed meats	Pizza, hamburger, sandwich, grilled pork belly, boiled pork, stir-fried pork (sweet, spicy), grilled pork ribs, steamed pork ribs, grilled beef, stir-fried beef, sweet and sour pork, pork cutlet, ham, pork roll
Poultry	Korean traditional chicken soup, stir-fried chicken, chicken boiled with soy sauce, fried chicken, grilled duck
Fish	Mackerel, saury (grill, boiled with soy sauce), hairtail, croaker (grill, boiled with soy sauce), anchovy, stir-fried anchovy, squid (raw, boiled, stir-fried), dried shredded squid (stir-fried, seasoned), dried squid, crab preserved in soy or spicy sauce, salted shrimp, squid and clam, fish ball (stir-fried, soup)
Vegetables	Stir-fried potatoes, potatoes boiled with soy sauce, steamed potatoes, grilled potatoes, steamed sweet potatoes, grilled sweet potatoes, steamed corn, grilled corn, bean sprout (seasoned, soup), seasoned mung bean sprout, seasoned spinach, seasoned bellflower (boiled or not), pumpkin (seasoned, pan-fried), seasoned other vegetables, cucumber (seasoned, raw), radish (seasoned, pickled, dried), vegetables salad, seasoned green onion, seasoned Chinese chive, raw vegetables (lettuce, sesame, Chinese cabbage, pumpkin leaf), green pepper, boiled broccoli, boiled cabbage, garlic, lotus roots boiled with soy sauce, burdock boiled with soy sauce, Korean pancake (Chinese chive pancake, kimchi pancake), stir-fried vegetable and noodles, stir-fried mushroom, soybean paste sauce
Salty vegetables	Korean cabbage kimchi, other kimchi, pickle
Seaweeds	Grilled laver, raw laver, seasoned laver, seasoned green laver, seasoned brown seaweed, stir-fried sea mustard stems
Fruits	Strawberry, tomato, cherry tomato, melon, water melon, peach, grape, apple, pear, persimmon, dried persimmon, tangerine, banana, orange, kiwi
Dairy products	Milk (low fat, normal), liquid type yogurt, curd type yogurt, soybean milk
Coffee and tea	Coffee, green tea
Beverages	Soft drink (cola, soda, fruit juice soda), fruit juice, grain powder beverage, rice beverage
Nuts	Peanut, chestnut
Snack	Snack, cookie, cracker, chocolate, ice cream, ices
Alcohol	Soju, beer, rice wine

This study reorganized the foods containing similar nutrients into new groups based on previous studies (Khosravi et al., 2015; Kim et al., 2015).