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. 2021 Jul 9;13:283–292. doi: 10.2147/CCIDE.S288137

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© 2021 Santonocito et al.

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The complex oxidation-reduction pathways through which oxidative stress is abrogated by various antioxidant micronutrients, through redox-cycling reactions. Glutathione is ultimately the chain-breaking antioxidant species that forms the nonradical GSSG (oxidized glutathione) and is also a master regulator of the cellular redox state and inflammatory gene transcription factors. Reproduced from Dommisch H, Kuzmanova D, Jönsson D, et al. Effect of micronutrient malnutrition on periodontal disease and periodontal therapy. Periodontol. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.63

Abbreviations: Cu, copper; Fe, iron; H2O2, hydrogen peroxide; LOO, peroxyl radical; LOOH, lipid hydroperoxide; Mn, manganese; ROS, reactive oxygen species; Se, selenium; Zn, zinc.