Table 2:
Comprehensive list of discussed assays showcasing their limits of detections and assay run time.
| Detection method | Pathogen | Detection Limit | Time of assay | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Traditional methods | ||||
| Plating (culturing) | 1 cell | 1–3 days | (de Boer & Beumer, 1999) | |
| Lateral Flow / paper strip | ||||
| Escherichia coli | ||||
| 10 CFU/mL | <3 hours | (Kim & Oh, 2019) | ||
| 12– 300 CFU/mL in foods | 40 mins | (Suaifan, et al., 2017) | ||
| 105 CFU/mL | 20 mins | (Shirshahi, et al., 2019) | ||
| 900 CFU/mL in milk | not directly stated but under 10 mins | (Han, et al., 2018) | ||
| Salmonella spp. | 5*105 CFU/mL | 5 mins | (Cam & Oktem, 2019) | |
| 80 CFU/mL | 11 mins | (Bu, et al., 2019) | ||
| 1 CFU/μL | 30 mins | (Wu, et al., 2020) | ||
| Multiple species | 100 cells | < 1 hour | (Peng & Chen, 2019) | |
| 1, 0.5, and 0.25 nM DNA | not fully discussed | (He, et al., 2019) | ||
| 1 CFU/mL with enrichment, 1.87 × 104 CFU and 1.47 × 104 CFU without | ~3 hours or 7 hours with enrichment | (Shin, et al., 2018) | ||
| 1 × 10−7 M to 1 × 10−9 M Quorum Sensing Molecules | (Wynn, et al., 2018) | |||
| Listeria monocytogenes | 53 cells | 5 mins | (Tasbasi, et al., 2019) | |
| Cronobacter sakazakii | 107 CFU/mL | 15 mins | (Scharinger, et al., 2017) | |
| Single Layer μPADs | ||||
| Vibrio cholerae | ~104 CFU/mL | 18–24 hours | (Briquaire, et al., 2017) | |
| Salmonella spp. | 100 CFU/mL | 90 mins | (Srisa-Art, et al., 2018) | |
| Escherichia coli and/ or Enterococcus | ~1 CFU/mL | 4–8 hours | (Adkins, et al., 2017) | |
| ~104 CFU/mL | <3 hours | (Pang, et al., 2018) | ||
| 100 CFU/mL with fluorescence, 44 CFU/mL with colorimetric detection | Not directly stated, <1 hour | (Wang, et al., 2020) | ||
| 3D μPADs | ||||
| Escherichia coli | 100 CFU/mL | <5 mins | (Eltzov & Marks, 2017) | |
| multiple species | 10 CFU/mL | <12 hours | (Kim, et al., 2019) | |
| 100 CFU/mL | not directly stated | (Ahn, et al., 2018) | ||
| 170 CFU/mL | 70 minutes | (Trinh & Lee, 2018) | ||
| Origami Paper Devices | ||||
| Escherichia coli | 103 CFU/mL | ~2 hours | (Trieu & Lee, 2019) | |
| 103 CFU/mL | 35 mins | (Sun, et al., 2019) | ||
| Salmonella spp. | 103 CFU/mL | ~2 hours | (Trieu & Lee, 2019) | |
| Biosensing systems | ||||
| Magnetic | Salmonella spp. | 1 CFU/mL | Not stated directly | (Zeinhom, et al., 2018) |
| Vibrio cholerae (toxin) | 0.2 ng/mL | ~2 hours | (Achtsnicht, et al., 2019) | |
| Escherichia coli | 100 CFU/100 mL | <45 mins | (Castillo-Torres, et al., 2019) | |
| Piezoelectric | Salmonella spp. | <1 CFU/mL | <4 hours | (Fulgione, et al., 2018) |
| Escherichia coli O157 H:7 | 1.46 * 103 CFU/mL | <1 hour | (Yu, et al., 2018) | |
| Optical | Escherichia coli | 2 CFU/mL | Not stated directly | (Duan, et al., 2020) |
| 40 CFU/mL | 1 hour | (Mou, et al., 2019) | ||
| 103 CFU/mL | Real time measurement | (Yousefi, et al., 2018) | ||
| 100 CFU/mL | Not stated directly | (Liang, et al., 2014) | ||
| Multiple spp. | ~105 CFU/mL | 10 mins | (Ledlod, et al., 2020) | |
| 10 CFU/mL | 1 hour | (Nguyen, et al., 2020) | ||
| 2.460 – 5.407 CFU/mL | <4 hours | (Wang, et al., 2020) | ||
| 1.0 × 109 CFU/mL (was proof of concept not detection limit) | Real time results | (Sun, et al., 2020) | ||
| Salmonella spp. | 58 CFU/mL | 2 hours | (Wang, et al., 2019) | |
| 11 CFU/mL | 2.5 hours | (Wang, et al., 2020) | ||
| 14 CFU/mL | 2 hours | (Xue, et al., 2018) | ||
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 30 μg/mL (proof of concept and not a detection limit) | 24 hours (incubation period) | (Gao, et al., 2021) | |
| Staphylococcus aureus | 10 CFU/mL | 10 mins | (Shrivastava, et al., 2018) | |
| Electrochemical | Escherichia coli | 2 CFU/mL | Not directly stated | (Shahrokhian & Ranjbar, 2018) |
| 15 CFU/mL | 30 mins | (Vu, et al., 2020) | ||
| 1400 cells in 25 μL | <1 hour | (Wang, et al., 2015) | ||
| 100 CFU/mL | <1 hour | (Li, et al., 2015) | ||
| 10 cells/mL | Real-time measurement | (Jiang, et al., 2014) | ||
| Vibrio parahaemolyticus | 5.74 CFU/mL | 30 mins | (Jiang, et al., 2021) | |
| 0.3 CFU / 25 g seafood | 45 mins | (Kampeera, et al., 2019) | ||
| Bacillus cereus | 100 CFU/mL | 5 mins | (Ait Lahcen, et al., 2018) |