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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Jul 13.
Published in final edited form as: Adv Neurotoxicol. 2021 Feb 17;5:159–213. doi: 10.1016/bs.ant.2020.11.002

Figure 1: Mechanisms implicated in lead neurotoxicity.

Figure 1:

The funnel represents the confluent nature of the discussed mechanisms, that alone or in combination may trigger Pb2+ neurotoxicity. See the text for details on amelioration strategies and on key players participating in each mechanism (depicted on both sides of the figure). ROS, reactive oxygen species; RNS, reactive nitrogen species; mitoROS, mitochondrial-generated ROS; Ca2+, calcium; Zn2+, zinc; Fe2+, iron; BBB, blood-brain barrier; BCB, blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier.