Table 1. Patient characteristics and perioperative data in the patients with or without POD.
| POD | Non-POD | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 20 | n = 77 | |||
| Male, n (%) | 16 (80.0) | 49 (63.6) | 0.263 | |
| Age ≥73 yrs, n (%) | 11 (55.0) | 23 (30.0) | 0.063 | |
| BMI ≤21 kg/m2, n (%) | 13(65.0) | 29 (37.7) | 0.042※ | |
| ASA-PS, n (%) | 1–2 | 12 (60.0) | 62 (80.5) | 0.076 |
| 3 | 8 (40.0) | 15 (19.5) | ||
| Preoperative comorbidities, n (%) | Diabetes mellitus | 5 (25.0) | 12 (15.6) | 0.511 |
| Hypertension | 10(50.0) | (49.4) | >0.999 | |
| Dyslipidemia | 2 (10.0) | 9 (11.7) | >0.999 | |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 6 (30.0) | 5 (6.5) | 0.011※ | |
| Atrial fibrillation | 0 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | >0.999 | |
| Ischemic heart disease | 1 (5.0) | 2 (2.6) | >0.999 | |
| Stroke | 2 (10.0) | 5 (6.5) | 0.631 | |
| Chronic kidney disease | 6 (30.0) | 15 (19.5) | 0.363 | |
| ACCI ≥5, n (%) | 11 (55.0) | 25 (32.5) | 0.074 | |
| E-PRE-DELIRIC ≥0.8, n (%) | 11 (50.0) | 26 (33.8) | 0.126 | |
| Preoperative anticancer therapy, n (%) | NAC | 2 (10.0) | 13 (16.9) | 0.681 |
| PRT | 5 (25.0) | 9 (11.7) | 0.249 | |
| Type of cancer, n (%) | Oral cavity | 16 (80.0) | 64 (83.1) | 0.484 |
| Oropharynx | 0 (0) | 4 (5.2) | ||
| Hypopharynx | 3 (15.0) | 5 (6.5) | ||
| Others | 1 (5.0) | 4 (5.2) | ||
| T stage, n (%) | I or II | 9 (45.0) | 42 (54.5) | 0.610 |
| III or IV | 11 (55.0) | 35 (45.5) | ||
| N stage, n (%) | 0 | 8 (40.0) | 42 (54.5) | 0.568 |
| I | 4 (20.0) | 14 (18.2) | ||
| II | 8 (40.0) | 20 (26.0) | ||
| III | 0 (0) | 1 (1.3) | ||
| M stage, n (%) | 0 | 20 (100) | 77 (100) | >0.999 |
| Preoperative laboratory data, n (%) | NLR ≥ 3.0 | 15 (75.0) | 9 (11.7) | <0.001※ |
| Intraoperative factors n (%) | Duration of surgery, hrs, ≥12.0 | 8 (40.0) | 22 (28.6) | 0.416 |
| Duration of anesthesia ≥13.0, hrs | 9 (45.0) | 28 (36.4) | 0.606 | |
| Estimated blood loss ≥6.0, ml/kg/hr | 16 (80.0) | 50 (64.9) | 0.283 | |
| Blood transfusion | 8 (40.0) | 17 (22.2) | 0.149 | |
| Infusion volume ≤7.5, ml/kg/hr | 12 (60.0) | 36 (46.8) | 0.325 | |
| Postoperative factors n (%) | Fentanyl dose ≥0.38 μg/kg/hr | 9 (45.0) | 12 (15.6) | 0.016※ |
| Ketamine dose ≥ 5mg/day | 16 (80.0) | 56 (72.7) | 0.58 | |
| Metabolic acidosis | 1 (5.0) | 4 (5.2) | >0.999 | |
| Stroke | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | >0.999 | |
| Myocardial infarction | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | >0.999 |
Differences between the POD and Non-POD groups were estimated using Fisher’s exact test for all variables. Data are presented as number (percentage of each group). ACCI: Age-adjusted Charlson Comorbidity Index Hb: Hemoglobin, ASA-PS: American Society of Anesthesiologist-physical status, BMI: Body mass index, NAC: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy, NLR: Neutrophil-to- lymphocyte ratio, Plt: Platelet count, PRT: Preoperative radiotherapy, WBC: White blood cells.