Table 1. List of Characterized Tripartite Systems in Gram-Negative Bacteria and Their Substrate Profilesa.
| Microorganism | Efflux pump family | Efflux system | Substrates | refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acinetobacter baumannii | RND | AdeABC | AG, BL, CHL, CHX, ML, FA, FQ, TET, TGC, TMP | (11, 19, 20) |
| AdeFGH | CHL, FQ, SUL, TET, TGC, TMP | (21) | ||
| AdeIJK | BL, CHL, CHX, ERY, FA, FQ, NOV, TET, TGC, TMP, TRI | (11) | ||
| AbuO | AG, BL, TGC | (22) | ||
| ArpAB | AG | (23) | ||
| ABC | MacAB-TolC | ML | (24) | |
| Acinetobacter Genomic DNA Group 3 | RND | AdeDE | CHL, FQ, TET | (25, 26) |
| AdeXYZ | CHL, FQ, BL, TET | (25) | ||
| Achromobacter spp. | RND | AxyXY-OprZ | AG, FQ | (27) |
| NccABC | Cd2+, Co2+, Ni2+ | (28) | ||
| Aeromonas hydrophila | RND | AheABC | RIF | (29) |
| Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans | ABC | LtxDB-TolC | LTX | (30) |
| Bacteroides fragilis | RND | BmeABC3 | BL, FQ | (31) |
| Borrelia burgdorferi | RND | BesABC | ML | (32) |
| Bordetella pertussis | ABC | CyaBDE | ACT | (33) |
| Bradyrhizobium japonicum | RND | BdeAB-? | AG | (34) |
| Brucella suis | RND | BepDE-BepC | ACR, AMP, DOC, EB, FQ, NOV, PMB, SDS, TET | (35) |
| BepFG-BepC | DOC, NAL, SDS | (35) | ||
| Burkholderia cenocepacia | RND | CeoAB-OpcM | CHL, FQ | (36) |
| BCAL2820-BCAL2822 | ATM, AG, CHL, FQ | (37) | ||
| Burkholderia pseudomallei | RND | AmrAB-OprA | AG, ML | (38) |
| BpeAB-OprB | AG, CHL, ML, TET | (38, 39) | ||
| BpeEF-OprC | CHL, TET, TMP | (40) | ||
| Burkholderia thailandensis | RND | AmrAB-OprA | AG, ML, TET | (41) |
| Campylobacter jejuni | RND | CmeABC | CHL, CTX, ML, FA, FQ, TRI | (42, 43) |
| CmeDEF | CTX, FQ, TRI | (44) | ||
| Caulobacter crescentus | RND | NczABC | Co2+, Cd2+, Ni2+, Zn2+ | (45) |
| Cupriavidus metallidurans | RND | ZneCAB | Zn2+ | (46) |
| Dickeya zeae | RND | DesABC | ZMN | (47) |
| Enterobacteriaceaeb | RND | AcrAB-TolC | ACR, BAC, BL, CHL, EB, ERY, FA, FQ, NOV, OXN, TET, TGC, TRI, RIF, R6G | (10, 48−50, 52) |
| OqxAB-TolCc | CHL, FQ, ML, NIT, TGC | (53) | ||
| Escherichia coli | RND | AcrAD-TolC | AG, BL | (54, 55) |
| AcrEF-TolC | ACR, BL, CHL, FQs, EB, ERY, R6G, TET, TGC | (10, 56, 57) | ||
| MdtEF-TolC | BL, BAC, ML, OXN | (10, 56−58) | ||
| CusABC | Ag+, Cu+ | (59) | ||
| ABC | MacAB-TolC | ML | (60) | |
| HlyBD-TolC | AH | (61) | ||
| YhbFGSR- | EB, TET | (62) | ||
| TolC | MJ25 | (63) | ||
| YojI?-TolC | ||||
| MFS | EmrAB-TolC | FQ, NOV, TRI | (10, 56) | |
| EmrKY-TolC | TET | (64) | ||
| MdtNOP | ACR, PUR | (56) | ||
| AaeAB-? | pHBA | (65) | ||
| Helicobacter pylori | RND | HefABC | AG, BL, CHL, EB, ERY, FQ, NOV, TET | (66) |
| HefDEF | Cd2+, Ni2+, Zn2+ | (67) | ||
| Klebsiella aerogenes | RND | EefABC | CHL, BL, ERY, FQ | (68) |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | RND | AcrAB | BAC, BL, ML, FQ, TET, NOV | (69, 70) |
| EefABC | BAC, BL, FQ, ERY, TET, NOV | (70) | ||
| KexEF | BL, ERY, TET, NOV | (70) | ||
| KexD | ML | (71) | ||
| KexVWX | BL, NOV | |||
| TMexCXD1-TOprJ1c | AG, FQ, TGC | (72) | ||
| MFS | KpnGH-TolC | BL, AG, ML | (73) | |
| Legionella pneumophila | RND | LpeAB | ML | (74) |
| Moraxella catarrhalis | RND | AcrAB-OprM | CTX, ML | (75) |
| Neisseria gonorrhoeae | RND | MtrCDE | BL, BS, FQ, ML, TET | (76, 77) |
| ABC | MacAB-MtrE | ML | (78) | |
| MFS | FarAB-MtrE | FA | (79) | |
| Porphyromonas gingivalis | RND | XepCAB | RIF | (80) |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | RND | MexAB-OprM | AG, BL, CHL, COL, EB, FQ, ML, SDS, SUL, TET, TMP, TRI | (12, 81) |
| MexCD-OprJ | BL, CHL, CHX, COL, FQ, ML, QAC, TET, TGC, TMP, TRI | (81) | ||
| MexEF-OprN | CHL, FQ, TET, TMP, TRI | (82) | ||
| MexGHI-OpmD | ACR, EB, FQ, TET | (83) | ||
| MexJK-OprM/OpmH | ERY, TET, TRI | (84) | ||
| MexMN-OprM | CHL | (85) | ||
| MexPQ-OpmE | ML, FQ | (85) | ||
| MexVW-OprM | ACR, CHL, EB, ERY, FQ, TET | (86) | ||
| MexXY-OprA/OprM | AG, BL, CHL, FQ, ML, TET, TGC | (81) | ||
| MuxABC-OpmB | ATM, ERY, FQ, NOV, TET | (87) | ||
| TriABC-OpmH | TRI | (88) | ||
| Pseudomonas putida | RND | ArpABC | BL, CHL, ERY, TET | (89) |
| MepABC | BL, ERY, TET | (90) | ||
| ParXY/TtgC | AG, FQ | (91) | ||
| SrpABC | OS | (92) | ||
| TtgABC | BL, CHL, ERY, OS, TET | (93) | ||
| TtgDEF | OS | (94) | ||
| TtgGHI | OS | (95) | ||
| Pseudomonas fluorescens | RND | EmhABC | CHL | (96) |
| Pseudomonas syringae | RND | PseABC | ACR, ERY, TET | (97) |
| Riemerella anatipestifer | RND | RaeABC | AG, SDS | (98) |
| RaeEF-RopN | AG, SDS | (99) | ||
| Salmonella enterica | RND | AcrAD-TolC | ATM, BL, NOV, SDS | (100) |
| AcrEF-TolC | ACR, BAC, BL, CHL, EB, FUS, FQs, NOV, R6G, SDS, TET, TRI | (101) | ||
| MdtABC-TolC | NOV | (101) | ||
| MdsABC | Au3+, BAC, BL, CHL, NOV | (102) | ||
| SilABCc | Ag+ | (103) | ||
| ABC | MacAB-TolC | ML | (101) | |
| MFS | EmrAB-TolC | NAL, NOV, TRI | (101) | |
| Serratia marcescens | RND | SdeAB | CHL, FQ, QAC | (104) |
| SdeGH | FQ | (105) | ||
| SdePQ | FQ | (105) | ||
| SdeXY-HasF | BAC, CHL, CHX, FQ, ML, QAC, TET, TGC, TRI | (106, 107) | ||
| Sinorhizobium meliloti | RND | SmeAB-TolC | ACR, CHL, ERY, NAL, RIF, SDS, TET | (108) |
| SmeCD-TolC | CHL, NAL | (108) | ||
| SmeEF-TolC | ERY, TET | (108) | ||
| Stenotrophomonas maltophilia | RND | SmeABC | AG, BL, FQ | (109) |
| SmeDEF | CHL, FQ, ML, TET, TRI | (110) | ||
| SmeGH | BL, CHL, FQ, ML, TET | (109, 111) | ||
| SmeIJK | AG, TET | (109) | ||
| SmeOP-TolC | AG, FQ, ML, TET | (112) | ||
| SmeVWX | CHL, FQ, TET | (113) | ||
| SmeYZ | AG, TET | (114) | ||
| MFS | EmrCAB | CCCP, NAL | (115) | |
| ABC | MacABC | AG, ML, PMB | (116) | |
| FuaABC | FUA | (117) | ||
| SmaAB | AMK | (118) | ||
| SmaCDEF | LEV | (118) | ||
| Vibrio cholerae | RND | VexAB- TolC | AMP, ERY, NOV, PEN, PMB, SDS | (119, 120) |
| VexCD-TolC | BS, DTG, ERY | (119) | ||
| VexEF- TolC | BAC, DOC, EB, ERY, NOR, NOV, SDS, TET, TMP | (119) | ||
| VexGH | DTG, NOV | (121) | ||
| VexIJK | BS, DTG | (120) | ||
| MFS | VceCAB | CCCP, DOC, NAL | (122) | |
| Vibrio parahaemolyticus | RND | VmeAB-VpoC | ACR, BL, BS, EB, FQ, ML, NOV, R6G, SDS, TET, TMP | (123) |
| VmeCD-VpoC | BAC, BL, BS, ML, NOV, R6G, SDS | (124) | ||
| VmeEF-VpoC | BC, EB, NOV, R6G, SDS | (124) | ||
| VmeGHI-VpoC | SDS | (124) | ||
| VmeTUV-VpoC | ACR, BL, BAC, BC, CHX, EB, R6G, SDS | (124) | ||
| VmeYZ-VpoC | BC, NOV, SDS | (124) |
ABC, ATP-binding cassette; ACR, acriflavine; ACT, adenylate cyclase toxin; AG, aminoglycosides; AH, α-hemolysin; AMK, amikacin; AMP, ampicillin; ATM, aztreonam; BAC, benzalkonium chloride; BL, β-lactams; BS, bile salts; CCCP, carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone; CHL, chloramphenicol; CHX, chlorhexidine; COL, colistin; CTX, cefotaxime; DOC, deoxycholate; DTG, detergents; ERY, erythromycin; EB, ethidium bromide; FA, fatty acids; FUS, fusidic acid; FQ, fluoroquinolones; FUA, fusaric acid; LEV, levofloxacin; LTX, leukotoxin; MFS, major facilitator superfamily; MJ25, microcin J25; ML, macrolides; NAL, nalidixic acid; NIT, nitrofurantoin; NOR, norfloxacin; NOV, novobiocin; OS, organic solvents; OXN, oxazolidinones; PEN, penicillin; pHBA, p-hydroxybenzoic acid; PMB, polymyxin B; PUR, puromycin; QAC, quaternary ammonium compounds; R6G, rhodamine 6G; RIF, rifampicin; RND, resistance-nodulation-division; SDS, sodium dodecyl sulfate; SUL, sulfonamides; TET, tetracycline; TGC, tigecycline; TMP, trimethoprim; TRI, triclosan; ZMN, zeamines.
A large family of Gram-negative bacteria that includes several important pathogenic species such as Citrobacter freundii, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella enterica, and Shigella flexneri.
Pumps that are encoded in plasmids.