Figure 1.

Conceptual figure of potential scenarios (plots A–D) of contaminant transfer from water to land in a lake (A, B, and C) and a stream (D). Numbers 1–4 in plot A represent factors that are important for the transfer: (1) contaminant concentration in the surface water, (2) uptake by aquatic insects, (3) transfer of the contaminant via insect emergence, and (4) consumption by riparian consumers. Small arrows indicate status of the system, where contaminant concentration refers to PFAS concentration in surface water, and scenario D illustrates a situation where toxicity has no effect on emergence.