Table 3.

Cross-lagged dynamic panel model examining change in offending between waves three and four with time invariant suspension (n = 6,876).

Variable	Coefficient	S.E.
School suspension measures
Suspended in one wave	0.273	0.055^***
Suspended in two waves	0.464	0.084^***
Suspended in three waves	0.923	0.141^***
Delinquency measure
Lagged offending (wave 1)	0.156	0.034^***
Lagged offending (wave 2)	0.044	0.021^*
School, family, and peer measures
School drop out	0.189	0.156
School bonds	−0.200	0.007^***
Gang membership	1.858	0.472^***
Delinquent peers index	0.024	0.009^***
Family bonds	−0.207	0.110
Household income	0.017	0.011
Demographic controls
Race/Ethnicity
Black	−0.227	0.041^***
Hispanic	−0.089	0.038^***
Other	−0.133	0.138
Age	−0.065	0.056^***
Gender
Female	−0.315	0.036^***
χ² (Model vs. Saturated)	30.500^**
Root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA)	0.015
Comparative fit index	0.994

p ≤ .05

^**

p ≤ .01

^***

p ≤ .001.

Notes: n = sample size; S.E. = standard error.