Fig. 6. Effects of deer antler extract on relative mRNA expression of AMPK, FoxO3a, and MuRF-1 in AICAR-induced muscle-atrophied C2C12 cells.

Values are presented as the mean±SD for each group. Asterisks indicate significant differences: ^*** p<0.001 indicates significance of difference compared with the control, as determined by Student’s t-test. The different letters indicate statistically significant (p<0.05) differences among groups, as determined by Tukey’s test. AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; NOR, normal group; CON, control group; HWE, hot water extract; FE, how water extract of fermented deer antler; ET, enzyme-derived extract; UE, extract prepared by ultrasonication of deer antler; FoxO3a, forkhead box O3a; MuRF-1, muscle RING finger-1; AICAR, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside.