Table 2.
Adjusted odds ratios for diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) Admissions
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) for DKA vs other admission | P value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) for hospitalized vs not | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | ||||
| 0-2 | 0.19 (0.18-0.21) | <0.001 | 11.26 (0.66-193.09) | 0.095 |
| 3-5 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| 6-8 | 2.18 (2.07-2.29) | <0.001 | 1.44 (0.18-11.58) | 0.733 |
| 9-11 | 4.49 (4.28-4.70) | <0.001 | 0.59 (0.08-4.57) | 0.613 |
| 12-14 | 5.16 (4.90-5.44) | <0.001 | 0.61 (0.09-4.15) | 0.610 |
| 15-17 | 4.14 (3.93-4.37) | <0.001 | 1.04 (0.16-6.83) | 0.964 |
| 18-20 | 6.64 (6.29-7.02) | <0.001 | 1.10 (0.14-8.86) | 0.928 |
| Unknown | 3.13 (2.63-3.72) | <0.001 | -- | |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| Female | 1.25 (1.23-1.27) | <0.001 | 1.12 (0.57-2.18) | 0.750 |
| Unknown | 0.67 (0.55-0.82) | <0.001 | -- | |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| White | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| Black | 1.08 (1.04-1.12) | <0.001 | 0.24 (0.08-0.71) | 0.010 |
| Hispanic | 0.67 (0.64-0.70) | <0.001 | 0.89 (0.36-2.21) | 0.801 |
| Asian or Pacific Islander | 0.50 (0.45-0.55) | <0.001 | 0.33 (0.07-1.49) | 0.148 |
| Native American | 0.74 (0.65-0.85) | <0.001 | 0.06 (0.01-0.78) | 0.032 |
| Other | 0.80 (0.75-0.85) | <0.001 | 2.66 (0.62-11.31) | 0.186 |
| Unknown | 0.97 (0.91-1.04) | 0.397 | -- | |
| Payer | ||||
| Private | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| Public | 1.17 (1.14-1.20) | <0.001 | 0.56 (0.19-1.66) | 0.293 |
| Self-pay or no charge | 1.33 (1.28-1.38) | <0.001 | 1.20 (0.20-7.07) | 0.842 |
| Other | 1.16 (1.08-1.23) | <0.001 | 1.46 (0.20-10.82) | 0.714 |
| Unknown | 0.81 (0.56-1.16) | 0.241 | -- | |
| Urbanicity | ||||
| Nonurban | 1.13 (1.09-1.17) | <0.001 | -- | |
| Urban | 1.00 (reference) | -- | ||
| Unknown | 0.67 (0.56-0.80) | <0.001 | -- | |
| Household income | ||||
| Quartile 1 (lowest) | 1.25 (1.19-1.31) | <0.001 | 1.36 (0.45-4.10) | 0.584 |
| Quartile 2 | 1.26 (1.21-1.32) | <0.001 | 0.83 (0.21-3.27) | 0.793 |
| Quartile 3 | 1.19 (1.14-1.23) | <0.001 | 0.76 (0.26-2.21) | 0.613 |
| Quartile 4 (highest) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| Unknown | 1.07 (0.99-1.17) | <0.001 | -- | |
| Hospital region | ||||
| Northeast | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| Midwest | 1.29 (1.19-1.40) | <0.001 | 1.10 (0.35-3.41) | 0.871 |
| South | 1.39 (1.29-1.50) | <0.001 | 1.43 (0.51-4.06) | 0.498 |
| West | 1.56 (1.45-1.69) | <0.001 | 1.26 (0.40-4.00) | 0.697 |
| Hospital ownership | ||||
| Government | 0.94 (0.88-1.01) | 0.094 | -- | |
| Private | 1.00 (reference) | -- | ||
| Unknown | 0.95 (0.87-1.04) | 0.230 | -- | |
| Hospital size by bed number | ||||
| Small | 1.16 (1.08-1.24) | <0.001 | -- | |
| Medium | 1.11 (1.05-1.17) | <0.001 | -- | |
| Large | 1.00 (reference) | -- | ||
| Unknown | 1.36 (1.13-1.64) | 0.001 | -- | |
| Year | ||||
| 2006 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| 2009 | 1.00 (0.93-1.07) | 0.998 | 1.37 (0.47-3.98) | 0.561 |
| 2012 | 1.16 (1.07-1.25) | <0.001 | 1.14 (0.44-2.93) | 0.791 |
| 2016 | 1.63 (1.50-1.76) | <0.001 | 0.93 (0.37-2.36) | 0.882 |
Table shows adjusted odds ratios for DKA vs non-DKA admission using the Kid’s Inpatient Database and adjusted odds ratios for any overnight hospitalization vs none using the National Health Interview Survey. For both analyses, results are adjusted for all other variables listed in the table column. The regression for hospitalized or not is underpowered, so please interpret with caution.