Table 1.
Demographics and overall glucose metrics
| [A] Healthy control | [B] PBH-RYGB | [C] Non-Surg Hypo | [D] Pre-DM | [E] T2D | P value (paired)* | P value (overall)** | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 38 | 40 | 20 | 14 | 5 | [A] vs [B] | [A] vs [C] | [B] vs [C] | [B] vs [E] | |
| Demographics | ||||||||||
| Sex (F/M) *** | 23/15 | 37/3 | 14/6 | 8/6 | 1/4 | 0.001 | 0.048 | 0.021 | <0.0001 | 0.0009 |
| Age | 49 ± 11.0 | 51 ± 8.5 | 51 ± 11.0 | 60 ± 6.5 | 59 ± 5.0 | 0.065 | 0.249 | 0.806 | 0.245 | 0.020 |
| BMI | 25.7 ± 2.2 | 28.5 ± 3.6 | 27.1 ± 5.1 | 29.2 ± 3.4 | 26.4 ± 2.6 | <0.01 | 0.107 | 0.795 | 0.467 | 0.027 |
| Sensor glucose metrics | ||||||||||
| CGM Duration (hours) | 152 ± 6 | 88 ± 81 | 161 ± 5 | 152 ± 3 | 150 ± 3 | <0.001 | <0.01 | <0.001 | 0.094 | <0.001 |
| Mean (mg/dL) | 96.9 ± 10.2 | 99.8 ± 18.6 | 94.2 ± 9.6 | 108.8 ± 6.3 | 108.2 ± 7.6 | 0.739 | 0.727 | 0.750 | 0.042 | 0.008 |
| Median (quartiles) (mg/dL) | 95 (86, 106) | 93 (81, 111) | 92 (83, 106) | 107 (96, 122) | 102 (95, 119) | 0.412 | 0.502 | 0.938 | 0.027 | 0.002 |
| Peak (mg/dL) | 169.5 ± 34.1 | 202.0 ± 52.6 | 175.0 ± 27.4 | 190.5 ± 14.1 | 246.0 ± 62.3 | 0.001 | 0.928 | 0.010 | 0.406 | 0.001 |
| Nadir (mg/dL) | 49.0 ± 11.9 | 42.5 ± 3.7 | 47.5 ± 11.1 | 58.0 ± 6.7 | 64.0 ± 8.9 | 0.0046 | 0.283 | 0.340 | 0.002 | <0.0001 |
| Range (mg/dL) | 112.0 ± 26.7 | 154.5 ± 50.4 | 113.5 ± 37.1 | 139.0 ± 24.5 | 185.0 ± 46.0 | <0.0001 | 0.987 | 0.005 | 0.800 | <0.001 |
| Glucose variability | ||||||||||
| SD (mg/dL) | 17.6 ± 2.9 | 24.8 ± 7.3 | 18.6 ± 6.6 | 20.4 ± 4.1 | 27.3 ± 5.3 | <0.0001 | 0.460 | <0.001 | 0.930 | <0.0001 |
| Coefficient of variation (%) | 17.9 ± 2.4% | 27.3 ± 6.8% | 20.8 ± 6.2% | 19.3 ± 3.4% | 22.8 ± 3.6% | <0.0001 | 0.163 | <0.0001 | 0.264 | <0.0001 |
| Interquartile range (mg/dL) | 20.0 ± 4.4 | 28.0 ± 7.4 | 22.0 ± 7.8 | 25.0 ± 8.9 | 26.0 ± 4.4 | <0.0001 | 0.283 | 0.013 | 0.366 | <0.0001 |
| CONGA1 (mg/dL) | 17.7 ± 4.5 | 28.3 ± 9.1 | 19.5 ± 5.6 | 22.0 ± 7.0 | 26.1 ± 3.8 | <0.0001 | 0.163 | <0.0001 | 0.388 | <0.0001 |
| CONGA2 (mg/dL) | 19.9 ± 5.1 | 31.8 ± 10.5 | 22.4 ± 7.3 | 26.2 ± 7.7 | 36.0 ± 4.0 | <0.0001 | 0.251 | <0.001 | 0.713 | <0.0001 |
| CONGA4 (mg/dL) | 21.6 ± 5.5 | 32.5 ± 12.3 | 23.3 ± 6.4 | 26.8 ± 5.9 | 35.9 ± 12.8 | <0.0001 | 0.317 | 0.003 | 0.493 | <0.0001 |
| Glycemic risk | ||||||||||
| Average Daily Risk Range (ADDR) | 2.1 ± 1.0 | 3.8 ± 1.8 | 2.7 ± 1.9 | 1.4 ± 0.5 | 2.1 ± 0.2 | <0.0001 | 0.101 | 0.092 | 0.002 | <0.0001 |
| Low Blood Glucose Index (LBGI) | 2.0 ± 1.2 | 2.6 ± 2.1 | 2.6 ± 2.2 | 0.8 ± 0.5 | 0.8 ± 0.5 | 0.017 | 0.317 | 0.441 | 0.002 | <0.0001 |
| High Blood Glucose Index (HBGI) | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.4 | 0.1 ± 0.2 | 0.4 ± 0.3 | 0.8 ± 0.9 | <0.001 | 0.450 | 0.050 | 0.314 | <0.001 |
Data are median ± median absolute deviations (MAD). *P value from paired comparison using Wilcoxon test. **P value from comparison across all groups using Kruskal-Wallis (ANOVA). ***Chi-squared test. CONGA, Continuous overlapping net glycemic action over 1 hour, over 2 hours, and over 4 hours.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CGM, continuous glucose monitoring; CONGA, continuous overall net glycemic action; PBH-RYGB, post-bariatric hypoglycemia after RYGB; Pre-DM, prediabetes; T2D, type 2 diabetes.