Table 2.

Potential molecular targets, therapeutic, and the stage of investigation for the interplay described in this review

Molecular target	Potential therapeutic	Stage of investigation	References
HMGB1	Anti-HMGB1 antibody	Mouse models have shown attenuated response to fibrosis	[39, 136–138]
S100A4	Anti-S100A4 antibody: 3B11*	Mouse models have shown attenuated response to fibrosis	[42, 44]
HSPB5	Anti-HSPB5 antibody	HSPB5-deficient mice have attenuated fibrotic response	[42, 44]
Tenascin-C	Anti-tenascin-C antibody: ST2485*	Mouse models have shown attenuated response to fibrosis, and the process is TLR4 dependent	[33–35]
TLR4/MD2	Anti-TLR4/MD2 complex antibody: T5342126	Mouse models have shown attenuated response to fibrosis	[32–35]
TNF-α	Anti-TNF-α antibody: etanercept	Two double-blind randomized control trials have shown reduced disease progression	[11, 140–145]
IL-1β	Anti-IL-1β antibody: canakinumab*	IL-1R1 deficiency in mice and monoclonal antibody has been shown to attenuate fibrosis in mice	[111, 146]
IL-17	Anti-IL-17 antibody: secukinumab*, brodalumab*, and ixekizumab*	Mouse models have shown attenuated response to fibrosis	[93, 147]

^*These agents have not yet been studied in the context of fibrosis