Table 3.
Pain scores
| Pain scores | Control group (n = 70) | Pathway group (n = 70) | Mean difference (95% CI)a | p value | ||
| n | NRS | n | NRS | |||
| Primary outcome, worst NRS with movement | ||||||
| Preoperative | 69 | 5.4 ± 2.6 | 70 | 6.3 ± 2.4 | ||
| POD 1 | 58 | 5.6 ± 3.0 | 57 | 3.3 ± 3.1 | -2.7 (-3.7 to -1.7) | < 0.01 |
| POD 2 | 61 | 6.1 ± 2.7 | 59 | 6.4 ± 2.5 | -0.1 (-1.0 to 0.9) | 0.88 |
| NRS at resta | ||||||
| Preoperative | 70 | 2.7 ± 2.4 | 70 | 3.2 ± 2.5 | ||
| POD 0 | 70 | 0.9 ± 2.2 | 70 | 1 ± 2.2 | 0.2 (-0.6 to 0.9) | 0.66 |
| POD 1 | 69 | 4.0 ± 2.9 | 67 | 1.9 ± 2.3 | -2.0 (-2.8 to -1.3) | < 0.01 |
| POD 2 | 65 | 4.2 ± 2.1 | 66 | 4.7 ± 2.8 | 0.4 (-0.4 to 1.2) | 0.31 |
| POD 7 | 57 | 2.3 ± 1.9 | 64 | 3 ± 2.4 | 0.6 (-0.3 to 1.4) | 0.18 |
| POD 14 | 51 | 2.2 ± 1.9 | 58 | 1.7 ± 1.4 | -0.5 (-1.3 to 0.4) | 0.31 |
Data presented as mean ± SD.
a
Difference in means indicates the difference between two estimated means; estimates are from a linear mixed model with group, time, group x time interaction, and baseline NRS as fixed effects and participant as a random effect; POD = postoperative day; NRS = numerical rating scale for pain.